液体蚊香煤油溶剂中C14含量的测定

目的 探讨测定液体蚊香媒油溶剂中C14含量的方法与实验条件。方法 采用气相色谱法测定。操作条件为：柱温145℃；气体流量：氮气为0.14mpa；氢气为50ml/min；空气为500ml/min；柱压为1.4kg；纸速为120cm/h；进样量为0.4μl。用数据处理机记录测得的C12，C14，C16，C18面积，用归一法计算其中C14的含量。结果 共抽取5批样品，各样品中的C14含量最小值为78.19，平均值为79.006，标准差为0.7447。结论 气相色谱法配以面积归一法统计方法进行分离和测定C14含量结果理想，可作为以煤油为溶剂的液体蚊香的产品质量检测技术之一。     

Hepatic metabolism of heme in rats after exposure to benzene,gasoline and kerosene

-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase, -ALA dehydratase and heme oxygenase activities were studied in the liver of albino rats, 3 and 20 h after i.p. administration of benzene, gasoline, and kerosene. -ALA synthetase activity was increased markedly after benzene administration, while gasoline and kerosene treated groups showed decreased enzyme activity. Inhibition of -ALA dehydratase activity was observed in all three groups, but heme oxygenase activity was unchanged.     

火箭煤油对家兔的皮肤刺激性研究

目的 观察火箭煤油对家兔的皮肤刺激性. 方法 24只健康家兔剃毛后分为完整皮肤组和破损皮肤组,分别进行1次封闭式染毒皮肤刺激性、1次未封闭式染毒皮肤刺激性以及多次非封闭式染毒皮肤刺激性实验,参考Draize评分方法观察火箭煤油染毒家兔皮肤的刺激性反应并计算积分,评价刺激性. 结果 1次封闭式染毒对完整和破损皮肤的刺激均为中等刺激性；1次未封闭式染毒对完整和破损皮肤的刺激均为轻刺激性；多次未封闭式染毒对完整和破损皮肤的刺激均为中等刺激性.1次封闭式染毒的皮肤刺激反应评分高于1次未封闭式染毒(完整皮肤组:F=170.67,P＜0.01；破损皮肤组:F=163.11,P＜0.01).1次染毒完整皮肤和破损皮肤组之间的皮肤刺激反应评分无统计学差异,多次未封闭染毒完整皮肤组与破损皮肤组的皮肤刺激反应评分无统计学差异.结论 火箭煤油对皮肤有刺激性,1次染毒刺激性大小与皮肤的封闭状态密切相关,反复染毒可加重刺激性,导致严重皮炎发生.     

Skin analysis following dermal exposure to kerosene in rats: the effects of postmortem exposure and fire

To evaluate the usefulness of skin analysis for the forensic examination of cases involving postmortem dermal exposure to kerosene and/or fire, an experimental study using rats was performed. Rats received dermal exposure to kerosene before or after death, and the effect of fire was determined by burning an area of exposed skin after death. Kerosene concentrations in skin and blood were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and microscopic observation was performed for skin samples. No differences were observed in skin kerosene levels between antemortem and postmortem exposure. Kerosene concentrations in mildly burned skin where the stratum corneum (SC) was retained were approximately 84% compared to those in non-burned exposed skin, whereas concentrations in severely burned skin where the SC was almost completely burned off were 28% of non-burned skin. Even in non-exposed control skin 14% of the original kerosene concentrations could be detected, which was considered to be caused by contamination during the experimental protocol combined with kerosenes property of a high affinity for the SC. These results suggest that (1) skin analysis is useful in estimating the type of petroleum product involved in crimes or accidents even for postmortem exposure, (2) whether the SC is retained or not primarily determined the kerosene levels in burned skin, and (3) attention must be paid to evaluate the results obtained from skin samples in the light of the circumstances surrounding the case.     

Kerosene-a toddler's sin: A five years study at tertiary care hospital in western India

Acute kerosene poisoning is a preventable health problem in children perceived mainly in developing countries. It influences socioeconomic and cultural status of country due to its contribution in morbidity and mortality. As kerosene is widely used as household energy source in India at rural areas as well as urban, it accounts for significant number of poisoning cases mainly accidental in manner. As there are only handful studies from India on kerosene poisoning in children, we planned this study to evaluate incidence of kerosene poisoning in Western Indian population and its clinico-epidemiotoxicological profile. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we collected data of all the cases of kerosene poisoning diagnosed during five years from 2009 to 2013 at Shri Krishna hospital situated at Karamsad, Gujarat state of Western India. We observed among total 42 cases, all victims were under 3 years of age. Evening in summer months, rural areas, storage of kerosene in household containers, inadequate parental supervision and door-to-hospitalization period emerged as most serious associated factors. Fever, cough, vomiting, tachypnoea and leucocytosis were commonest manifestations while pneumonia was the most common complication. Signs of central nervous system involvement, leucocytosis and vomiting were significantly correlated with pneumonia. Deaths occurred due to pneumonia. Early diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia may reduce mortality and recommendations are made to reduce the incidence of kerosene poisoning.     

The aetiology of adult burns in the Western Cape, South Africa

Rural to urban migration to major cities in South Africa continues to lead to the proliferation of informal settlements. There is little recent published data on the epidemiology of adult burns in the Western Cape, South Africa. A retrospective review of patients on the Burn Unit database was undertaken, looking at patients admitted to the Burn Unit between January 2003 and December 2008. This study discusses the characteristics and outcome of patients who were treated at the Tygerburg Burn unit. A total of 1908 patients were admitted to the burn unit during the 6 year period under review. Most fatal injuries occurred in the 20-40 year age group. Injuries due to shack fires and fuel stoves comprised 21% (399) of all admissions. Mortality due to these injuries comprised 28% (137) of total mortality. Gas stoves accounted for 24% with kerosene stoves accounting for 71% of injuries. The burn death rate in this study (25%) was found to have increased dramatically from the last audit done from 1986 to 1995 in which a burn death rate of 7.5% was observed. Reasons for this are explored. It is likely that those with HIV/AIDS have poorer outcomes. Shack fires and injuries due to fuel stoves are a common reason for admission to the burn unit and mostly involve young male individuals. Other research from the Southern African region does not mention shack fires as a separate entity making it difficult to obtain an accurate idea of the scale of the problem. Their injuries are severe with a high mortality. The use of kerosene stoves are a major contributing factor. Recommendations include enforceable legislation to promote safer stove design, research into safer bio fuels and materials for building shacks as well promoting fire safety among schoolchildren in the community. Further research is needed to determine the impact of HIV/AIDS on the outcome of acute burns within the Southern African region.     

H2O/CO2污染对煤油燃料超声速燃烧影响数值研究

在纯净空气与H₂O/ CO₂污染空气来流对比试验结果基础上,采用数值计算方法和化学动力学方法,研究了H₂O和CO₂污染组分对煤油燃料超声速燃烧的影响,获得了试验手段难以得到的燃烧室流场参数和性能数据。完成了相应的煤油燃料超声速燃烧室二维数值计算,其中匹配了进口总温、总压、马赫数、氧气摩尔分数和工作当量油气比。将数值计算结果与相应试验测量值进行了对比分析,并结合燃烧室流场数据、性能参数分析了H₂O和CO₂污染的动力学影响、以及对燃烧室性能的影响。研究表明:(1)数值计算结果与实验测量值总体上吻合,两种手段均体现了纯净空气来流时不同煤油当量油气比的燃烧室性能,并反映了一致的“污染效应”影响趋势;(2) H₂O污染、H₂O+ CO₂污染的存在降低了煤油燃料超声速燃烧室性能,体现在燃烧诱导压升、燃烧效率、流向冲量增量的下降,而且随着污染组分含量的增加,燃烧室性能下降越加显著。      

Burns and fires in South Africa’s informal settlements: Have approved kerosene stoves improved safety?

This study is a follow-on to an intervention project that implemented South African Bureau of Standards approved kerosene stoves and safety education in 150 households of a Johannesburg informal settlement. An investigation conducted 12 months later established that 43 stoves had operational defects, yet 23 households continued using the faulty appliances. This study focuses on (1) the psychological and behavioural factors associated with continued use of faulty stoves by the 23 households, and (2), the specific technical failures of these stoves. The study involved one-on-one recall interviews with the households using defective stoves (N = 21) and laboratory-based stove tests for seven of the affected appliances. The results indicate that the stoves had defects in critical safety features such as flame control and the self-extinguishing mechanism. Four stove malfunctions of minor burn affect were reported in the study. Continued use of the damaged stoves was significantly associated with the time from receipt of the stove to detection of first failure: stoves that failed later on were more significantly likely to remain in use as compared to those that failed sooner. The findings point to the need for strengthening enforcement of appliance standards, public education on kerosene stove use, and structural change for the energy-poor.     

Spontaneous pneumothorax as a complication of chronic Jet propulsion fuel-8 exposure

Jet Propulsion Fuel 8 (JP-8) is a kerosene based fuel commonly used in aviation. Occupational exposure to JP-8 may lead to negative health outcomes, which were described in a small number of studies. We report a case of 33-year-old Caucasian male veteran with a history of JP-8 exposure who presented with chronic dyspnea and recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax. To our knowledge, this is the first case of chronic inhalation injury from JP-8 exposure complicated with recurrent secondary spontaneous pneumothorax.