人工智能在中医药领域的应用进展及现状思考

人工智能（Artificial Intelligence，AI）的蓬勃兴起为现代社会带来了前所未有的机遇，中医药是中华民族传承千年的文化瑰宝。随着人工智能技术不断在中医药领域的科技创新中崭露头角，二者的融合不断加深，人工智能在中医药领域的发展前景、争议挑战也引发了诸多思考。本文将从人工智能在中医药领域的应用入手，对人工智能辅助中医诊断、智能决策与数据挖掘、健康管理及中草药现代化研究等方面，就近年来国内外研究进展进行总结与分析，以期为AI视域下实现中医药现代化、智能化赋能。     

Evaluation of a delineation software for cardiac atlas-based autosegmentation: An example of the use of artificial intelligence in modern radiotherapy

PurposeThe primary objective of this work was to implement and evaluate a cardiac atlas-based autosegmentation technique based on the “Workflow Box” software (Mirada Medical, Oxford UK), in order to delineate cardiac substructures according to European Society of Therapeutic Radiation Oncology (ESTRO) guidelines; review and comparison with other cardiac atlas-based autosegmentation algorithms published to date.Materials and MethodsOf an atlas of data set from 20 breast cancer patients’ CT scans with recontoured cardiac substructures creation according to the ESTRO guidelines. Performance evaluation on a validation data set consisting of 20 others CT scans acquired in the same treatment position: cardiac substructure were automatically contoured by the Mirada system, using the implemented cardiac atlas, and simultaneously manually contoured by a radiation oncologist. The Dice similarity coefficient was used to evaluate the concordance level between the manual and the automatic segmentations.ResultsDice similarity coefficient value was 0.95 for the whole heart and 0.80 for the four cardiac chambers. Average Dice similarity coefficient value for the left ventricle walls was 0.50, ranging between 0.34 for the apical wall and 0.70 for the lateral wall. Compared to manual contours, autosegmented substructure volumes were significantly smaller, with the exception of the left ventricle. Coronary artery segmentation was unsuccessful. Performances were overall similar to other published cardiac atlas-based autosegmentation algorithms.ConclusionThe evaluated cardiac atlas-based autosegmentation technique, using the Mirada software, demonstrated acceptable performance for cardiac cavities delineation. However, algorithm improvement is still needed in order to develop efficient and trusted cardiac autosegmentation working tools for daily practice.     

人工智能在肿瘤领域应用现状及发展前景

综述人工智能在肿瘤领域的技术方法和应用现状，包括肿瘤风险评估、诊断、治疗、护理等方面，探讨其面临的机遇与挑战，以期为人工智能助力肿瘤诊疗和照护提供参考，推动人工智能在肿瘤领域应用进一步发展。     

益智活血汤联合拜阿司匹林治疗脑梗死恢复期患者的临床疗效及对神经功能的影响

目的:探讨益智活血汤联合拜阿司匹林治疗脑梗死恢复期的临床疗效及对患者神经功能的影响。方法:选取2017年10月至2019年1月在本院治疗的脑梗死恢复期患者84例,随机分为对照组和观察组各42例。对照组采用拜阿司匹林肠溶片治疗,每次0.2 g,日1次,口服。观察组在对照组治疗的基础上采用益智活血汤治疗,日1剂,早晚温服,两组均治疗8周。结果:对照组有效率为80.95%,观察组有效率为95.24%,两组有效率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗后半身不遂评分、舌謇不语评分、口舌歪斜评分、肢体麻木评分、气短懒言评分均显著低于本组治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗后NIHSS评分、MRS评分均显著低于本组治疗前,BI评分显著高于本组治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗后全血高切黏度(high bloodshear viscosity,HWBV)、全血低切黏度(low bloodshear viscosity,LWBV)、血浆黏度(plasma viscosity,PV)、血小板聚集率(platelet agglutination test,PAG)水平均显著低于本组治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗后中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)、前动脉(anterior artery,ACA)、后动脉(posterior communicating artery,PCA)血流速度均显著高于本组治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:益智活血汤联合拜阿司匹林治疗脑梗死恢复期患者,可明显改善其神经功能、血液循环及日常生活能力。     

Dispositional mindfulness is predicted by structural development of the insula during late adolescence

Adolescence is a critical period of development, in which the increasing social and cognitive demands of independence need to be met by enhanced self-regulatory abilities. The cultivation of mindfulness has been associated with improved self-regulation in adult populations, and it is theorized that one neurodevelopmental mechanism that supports this capacity is the development of the prefrontal cortex. The current study examined the neurodevelopmental mechanisms associated with dispositional mindfulness in adolescence. Using a longitudinal within-persons design, 82 participants underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments at approximately ages 16 and 19, and also completed self-reported measurements of mindfulness at age 19. It was hypothesized that adolescents who demonstrated greater thinning of frontal cortical regions between the age of 16 and 19 would exhibit higher dispositional mindfulness levels at age 19. Results indicated that, contrary to predictions, adolescents with higher levels of mindfulness demonstrated less thinning in the left anterior insula. By contrast, higher IQ was associated with greater thinning of the right caudal middle frontal and right superior frontal regions. The involvement of insula development in mindfulness is consistent with a direct role for this structure in managing self-regulation, and in doing so concords with recent models of self-referential interoceptive awareness.     

The discrepancy between verbal and visuoperceptual IQ in children with a specific learning disorder: An analysis of 1624 cases

Children with a specific learning disorder (SLD) are often characterized by marked intellectual strengths and weaknesses. In the last few years, research has focused on a common discrepancy between low working memory and processing speed on the one hand, and high verbal and visuoperceptual intelligence on the other. SLD profiles featuring a specific discrepancy between verbal and visuoperceptual abilities have been only marginally considered, however, and their systematic comparison vis-à-vis typically-developing (TD) populations has yet to be conducted. The present study examined a dataset of 1624 WISC-IV profiles of children with a diagnosis of SLD. It emerged that the proportion of children with a Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) at least 1.5 SD (22 standardized points) lower than their scores on the Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) was larger than the proportion of SLD children with the opposite discrepant profile; it was also larger than the same proportion found among TD children. Comparing the two discrepant profiles revealed that the children also differed by type of learning difficulty, gender, and performance in the WISC-IV Symbol search task. Further examination suggested that children who were discrepant and also distinctly poor in visuoperceptual intelligence were particularly slow in general processing.     

Prospective evolution of cardiac arrhythmia care: 2030 vision

Main innovations impacting the care of patients with cardiac rhythm disorders by 2030. AI: artificial intelligence.