Disengagement from street gangs: a systematic review of the literature

Many studies identify the risk factors for joining street gangs, but few explore disengagement. This article provides a systematic review of the factors which contribute to disengagement from gangs. Understanding this area is of paramount importance to developing policy and guiding practitioners working with this population, given the impact this lifestyle has on gang members and society as a whole. Seven academic databases, reference lists of relevant publications, an online search engine and a government database were used to identify relevant studies. Inclusion and exclusion criteria and quality assessment methods were employed. Data were then extracted and synthesised. Of 2515 citations, seven were found to have methodological rigour. The findings suggest there is not one definitive reason for gang exit but rather that multiple factors contribute. Variability was found in the quality scores. The limitations of this review are discussed, along with clinical implications and suggestions for future research.     

Impact of Transcatheter Occlusion of a Patent Ductus Arteriosus on Atrial Septal Defect Diameter in Children

Background. A persistent patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) may delay closure of a coexisting atrial septal defect (ASD) due to volume loading and enlargement of the left atrium. The purpose of this study was to investigate the natural history of ASD size in patients with a PDA following transcatheter PDA occlusion. Methods. All patients with an ASD and a PDA who underwent transcatheter PDA occlusion at Texas Children’s Hospital were identified. Patients with ASD diameter <3 mm, or additional cardiac defects were excluded. Eight patients (7 females) with small‐ to moderate‐sized ASDs and a PDA were identified. Patient demographics, echocardiographic data, and cardiac catheterization data were recorded. Data were analyzed by 1‐tailed t‐test. Results. Following PDA occlusion, ASD diameter decreased in 6 of 8 patients by a mean of 3.8 mm (±2.3 mm), including 2 that closed. The median duration of follow‐up was 689 days. One ASD remained unchanged and 1 increased in size. The mean maximum ASD diameter decreased from 6.4 mm (±2.2 mm) to 3.9 mm (±3.4 mm) (P = .03). Two patients underwent subsequent transcatheter ASD occlusion. Conclusion. Following transcatheter PDA occlusion, small‐ to moderate‐sized ASDs have significant probability to decrease in size, and possibly close. In infants and children, we recommend transcatheter PDA occlusion, and serial follow‐up of the size of the ASD. This will allow many small‐ to moderate‐sized ASDs to either close, or become smaller, obviating the need for future intervention.     

颊脂肪垫瓣在修复口腔颌面部缺损中的应用

目的探讨颊脂肪垫瓣在修复口腔颌面部缺损的应用和效果.方法将颊脂肪垫形成一蒂在后方的颊脂肪垫组织瓣转移至缺损区,在无张力下与创缘缝合,表面轻轻用碘仿纱布缝线包压法固定.用以修复口腔颌面部的良恶性肿瘤手术或损伤留下的缺损以及口腔上颌窦瘘共18例.其中修复腭部缺损2例,上颌骨切除后缺损7例,颊黏膜癌切除后缺损3例,颊部良性肿瘤切除后缺损4例,磨牙后区黏表癌切除后缺损1例,封闭拔牙后口腔上颌窦瘘1例.结果术后10 d去除碘仿纱布,见颊脂肪垫轻度水肿,2～4周后水肿明显消退,颊脂肪垫表面逐渐上皮化,6～8周内表面完全上皮化,3个月后再生黏膜与正常口腔黏膜相似.全部病例效果满意,无感染、坏死等并发症发生.结论带蒂颊脂肪垫瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损,方法简单、易行,效果满意,值得推广.     

掌背静脉逆行皮瓣修复手指近节软组织缺损

目的 介绍一种修复手指近节指背、指腹缺损的修复方法。方法 我院于2001年~2002年，应用掌背静脉逆行皮瓣修复近节指背、指腹软组织或皮肤缺损26例。结果 所有皮瓣均成活，外观佳。结论 该方法操作简便、损伤小、无需植皮、易推广，为指近节软组织缺损的修复提供了一种方法。     

邻近节指背筋膜(蒂)皮瓣修复手指皮肤软组织缺损

目的报道应用手指缺损创面的邻近节指背筋膜（蒂）皮瓣修复手指皮肤组织缺损的方法。方法2004年10月～2006年8月,根据受区皮肤缺损的面积及形状,在供区设计斜形皮瓣修复手指皮肤软组织缺损创面共27例。结果皮瓣全部成活,术后3～20个月随访,皮瓣质地优良,外形与感觉功能恢复满意。结论手指缺损创面的邻近节指背筋膜（蒂）皮瓣手术操作简单、安全可靠,术后治疗、护理容易,外形与功能恢复良好,是手外科修复手指皮肤软组织缺损创面较为理想的方法,值得推广。     

"风筝"皮瓣在眼睑前层缺损修复中的应用

目的探讨“风筝”皮瓣(亦称皮下蒂推进皮瓣)在修复眼睑前层(包括皮肤和眼轮匝肌)缺损的应用。方法于缺损邻接部位沿皮纹方向设计“风筝”皮瓣，按设计线切开皮肤，在眼轮匝肌下剥离形成以眼轮匝肌为皮下蒂的“风筝”皮瓣，推进转移修复皮肤缺损，用70无损伤缝线缝合。自1994年以来已用于14例，年龄15～64岁，缺损最大直径为上睑长度的1／3。结果皮瓣全部成活，切口Ⅰ期愈合，随访时间3个月至1年，眼睑形态满意，切口瘢痕不明显。结论对于眼睑前层范围较大不宜直接缝合，但尚有条件用局部皮瓣修复的中等大的缺损，用“风筝”皮瓣进行修复简单易行，效果可靠。其优点是，皮瓣通过推进转移的方式覆盖创面，没有旋转和变形，转移后局部平整，无“猫耳”等畸形产生，皮瓣蒂部宽广，血运良好，愈合后肤色与四周一致。     

心间隔缺损并哑性动脉导管未闭4例

我院治疗６６例心间隔缺损的病例中，有４例合并哑性动脉导管未闭（简称ＰＤＡ），发生率６％。全组病例术前均无ＰＤＡ临床体征，１例术前再次复查心脏彩超时发现，其余３例均漏诊。１例先处理ＰＤＡ，３例在纠正心内畸形同时处理ＰＤＡ。心间隔缺损合并哑性ＰＤＡ容易漏诊，但有其临床特点，手术可先处理ＰＤＡ，或在体外循环下处理ＰＤＡ。     

胎骨移植治疗骨肿瘤缺损：附10例报告

近3年来，用制备的胎骨充填良性骨肿瘤及病样病变术后骨缺损，经观察10例效果良好。胎骨因其自身组织学和生理学特点，具有抗原性小、诱导成骨活性高，利于“爬行各代”等优点。而且来源丰富、采制简单、储存容易、费用低度，是一种良好的植骨材料，特别适于儿童及年老体弱患者自身取骨困难的骨缺损植骨需要。但其为异体骨，有一定免疫原性，抗支撑强度略差，应注意严格无菌操作、消除免疫原性、配合使用内、外固定等措施。     

颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复口腔癌术后组织缺损

目的探讨颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复口腔癌术后组织缺损的方法及可行性。方法2003年3月~2004年6月,应用颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复舌、口底、颊、咽侧壁及软腭缺损15例。其中男12例,女3例,年龄41~77岁。颊癌11例,舌癌1例,口底癌2例,咽侧壁及软腭癌1例。均行病变及颈淋巴根治性切除,缺损范围3.0 cm×3.5 cm~7.0 cm×4.0 cm,应用颈阔肌皮瓣修复软组织缺损,皮瓣范围7.0 cm×3.5 cm~12.0 cm×4.0 cm。结果术后15例皮瓣均成活,肌皮瓣色泽与皮肤相似,外形无异常,张口不受限。术后10~15 d出现颊部皮瘘8例,术后4周二期断蒂修补后完全愈合。随访6~12个月,无舌运动受限等并发症,肿瘤无复发,患者对术后形态及功能均较满意。结论颈阔肌肌皮瓣血运丰富,抗感染力较强,成活率高,是修复口腔组织缺损行之有效的方法,手术方法简便,值得推广。     

护理记录缺陷分析及干预对策

目的 为了提高护理质量。方法 采用随机抽查500份护理记录的分析方法。结果 发现有种种缺陷118份（26．3％），共178例次。结论 以卫生部颁布的标准为准则，分析缺陷产生的原因，最后以人为本采取加强护士的法律知识学习，业务技术提升，质控队伍建设和医护、护护、护患关系沟通等措施，达到最大限度地减少护理缺陷，全面提高护理质量。