吡格列酮对高脂饮食兔主动脉LOX-1表达的影响

目的探讨吡格列酮对高脂饮食下兔主动脉LOX-1表达的影响及其对动脉粥样硬化的作用。方法设立正常饮食、高脂饮食及高脂饮食加吡格列酮干预3组,通过比较主动脉病理形态学改变、血脂的变化、LOX-1分子及mRNA的表达进行研究,采用免疫组化检测兔主动脉LOX-1分子的表达,采用RT-PCR检测LOX-1mRNA的表达。结果吡格列酮能减轻高脂饮食所致的内膜增厚和平滑肌增生,减轻高脂血症所致动脉粥样硬化的发展。吡格列酮还能明显升高HDL,对TC、LDL、TG和BS无明显影响。高脂饮食刺激兔主动脉LOX-1分子及mRNA的表达,吡格列酮能显著减轻这种作用。结论吡格列酮能减轻高脂饮食兔主动脉LOX-1分子及mRNA的表达,这可能是噻唑烷酮类药物抗动脉粥样硬化的重要作用机制。     

吡格列酮对高糖高胰岛素诱导的肥大心肌细胞中CT-1的影响

目的：观察心肌营养素 1(CT 1)在高糖高胰岛素诱导的肥大心肌细胞中的表达，以及吡格列酮对其表达的影响。方法：体外培养乳鼠心肌细胞，分组给药后，检测心肌细胞肥大的指标：心肌细胞的表面积(图像分析法)、蛋白含量(考马斯亮蓝法)、心房利钠因子(ANF) mRNA的表达(RT PCR法)；同时用半定量RT PCR检测CT 1 mRNA的表达。结果：高糖高胰岛素组心肌细胞表面积、蛋白含量、ANF mRNA表达以及CT 1 mRNA水平均升高(P<0.01)，而吡格列酮治疗组降低(P<0.05)。结论：高糖高胰岛素诱导的肥大心肌中CT 1表达上升，而吡格列酮能抑制其表达，推测CT 1可能参与了高糖高胰岛素所引起的心肌肥大的发生，而吡格列酮抑制心肌肥大的作用可能是通过抑制CT 1介导的。     

国产盐酸吡格列酮对2型糖尿病的疗效及安全性研究

目的:评价国产盐酸吡格列酮对2型糖尿病(DM)患者合用磺脲类及双胍类药物时的降糖疗效及安全性.方法:采用随机、双盲、安慰剂平行对照的临床研究方法,将48例应用磺脲类及双胍类治疗而空腹血糖(FPG)控制不佳(7.5 mmol·L-1≤FPG<12.0 mmol·L-1)的2型DM患者随机分为吡格列酮组(30 mg·d-1)与安慰剂组治疗,共12周.结果:于12周时,吡格列酮组与安慰剂组FPG较基线值分别下降1.1 mmol·L-1和0.23 mmol·L-1 (P<0.05);PPG分别下降1.7 mmol·L-1和0.23 mmol·L-1 (P＞0.05);HbAlc分别下降0.52%和0.05%(P＞0.05).结论:12周的临床观察显示,对2型DM患者饮食、运动和应用磺脲类及双胍类治疗而血糖控制不佳者联合应用盐酸吡格列酮(30 mg·d-1),改善糖代谢紊乱,且安全性和依从性好.     

Effects of early use of pioglitazone in combination with metformin in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes

ABSTRACT

Background: Type 2 diabetes is characterised by a progressive decline in HbA_1c control over time. Early combination therapy, rather than sequential introduction of individual oral glucose-lowering agents, has been proposed to prevent this gradual rise in HbA_1c. This observational study assessed the effect of early dual combination oral glucose-lowering therapies within 6 months of diagnosis in newly diagnosed, drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes.

Patients and methods: This was an observational, open-label, non-randomised study in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes, aged 35–70 years, with HbA_1c levels >?8.0% at diagnosis or >?7.0% at the 3–6-month follow-up. Patients were allocated to dietary management alone if the HbA_1c level was 7.0–8.0% at diagnosis. Metformin combined with gliclazide, repaglinide, or pioglitazone was given at diagnosis if the HbA_1c was >?8.0%. Similar treatments were introduced at 3–6 months if the HbA_1c was >?7.0%. Over a 3-year period, HbA_1c was measured at 3-monthly intervals. All patients underwent regular dietetic review. Target HbA_1c was ≤?7.0%.

Results: 416 patients were considered eligible for inclusion, with a mean (±?SD) age of 54.1 ± 9.2 years, BMI of 33.5 ± 6.1?kg/m², and baseline HbA_1c of 8.6 ± 1.7%. A mixed model analysis of variance on the 178 patients who started with combination therapy, either immediately or after a 3–6 month period on diet, showed that metformin plus gliclazide, repaglinide, or pioglitazone was associated with a gradual increase in HbA_1c values. Amongst those patients treated with the metformin/pio­glitazone combination there was an estimated 0.1% increase in HbA_1c/year. This was much less pronounced than the rises seen in HbA_1c/year of 0.5% with the met­formin/gliclazide and metformin/repaglinide combinations.

Conclusions: This preliminary analysis of an obervational, non-randomised, open-label ongoing study has shown that early use of combination therapy at time of diagnosis or within the first 3–6 months following diagnosis with metformin plus pioglitazone in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes results in a slower deterioration in glycaemic control than that with metformin combined with either gliclazide or repaglinide. This may be due to the β?cell protective properties of pioglitazone. These results need to be confirmed by further studies with a more robust design and methodology.     

Pioglitazone: A review of analytical methods

Pioglitazone is an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. It selectively stimulates nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma). It was the tenth-best-selling drug in the U.S. in 2008. This article examines published analytical methods reported so far in the literature for the determination of pioglitazone in biological samples and pharmaceutical formulations. They include various techniques like electrochemical methods, spectrophotometry, capillary electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and high-performance thin layer chromatography.     

The Effect of Pioglitazone on Pharmacokinetics of Carbamazepine in Healthy Rabbits

Introduction

Drug–drug interactions can lead to serious and potentially lethal adverse events. In recent years, several drugs have been withdrawn from the market due to interaction-related adverse events. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction between pioglitazone (PG) and carbamazepine (CBZ) in healthy male rabbits.

Methods

A randomized, two-crossover design study was conducted in six healthy male rabbits. The study consisted of two periods: period one, when each rabbit received a single dose of 70 mg CBZ-suspension. Period two, when each rabbit received a single dose of 70 mg CBZ-suspension co-administered with a single dose of 1.5 mg PG with a washout period of one week between the two periods. Serial blood samples were collected over a period of 48 h. Chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) was used to measure CBZ in serum. Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters C_max, T_max, t _1/2, AUC_0-t, AUC _0-∞, and k_e were determined for the two periods using non-compartmental analysis.

Results

In the two periods of treatment, C_max, T_max, AUC_0-t, AUC_0-∞, t _½ and k_e for CBZ were administered alone and in combination with PG. C_max, the mean peak plasma concentration was 4.33 ± 2.4 μg/mL versus 4.76 ± 2.1 μg/ml, t_max, time taken to reach, was 2.91 ± 1.11 h versus 3.6 ± 1.83 h, total area under the curve AUC_0-t was 64.90 ± 43.6 μg·h/ml versus 102.90 ± 66.9 μg·h/ml, AUC_0-∞ was 74.0 ± 52.6 μg·h/ml versus 124.3 ± 85 μg·h/mL, t _½ was 14.10 ± 2.5 h versus 16.43 ± 6.43 h and elimination rate constant k_e was 0.050 ± 0.009 h⁻¹ versus 0.057 ± 0.049 h⁻¹, respectively. No statistical differences were found in pharmacokinetic of CBZ in both cases (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

The result of the study demonstrated that PG does not affect pharmacokinetic parameters of CBZ. Therefore, no cautions regarding dose or administration pattern of CBZ with PG should be taken.     

吡格列酮对合并代谢综合征的2型糖尿病患者血清炎症因子及胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的:探讨吡格列酮对合并代谢综合征的2型糖尿病患者血清炎症因子及胰岛素抵抗的影响.方法:选取合并代谢综合征的2型糖尿病患者90例,按照就诊顺序将其随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各45例.对照组给予二甲双胍等常规口服降糖药物治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上加用吡格列酮进行治疗.两组均连续治疗3个月,测定其治疗前后白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1(PAI-1)、脂联素(ADP)以及空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、糖化血红蛋白(HbAlC)等生化指标,并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR).结果:观察组治疗后IL-6、TNF-α、PAI-1、hs CRP水平与治疗前比较明显下降(P＜0.05),且显著低于对照组治疗后(P＜0.05).观察组治疗后FPG、2hPG、FINS、HbAlC及HOMA-IR均较治疗前明显下降(P＜0.05),且显著低于对照组治疗后(P＜0.05).结论:吡格列酮对合并代谢综合征的2型糖尿病有较好的疗效,能够有效降低患者血糖水平,通过调节炎性因子改善胰岛素抵抗,具有较高的临床应用价值,值得大力推广.     

Effects of pioglitazone on cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

AimIn 2019, the Italian Society of Diabetology and the Italian Association of Clinical Diabetologists nominated an expert panel to develop guidelines for drug treatment of type 2 diabetes. After identifying the effects of glucose-lowering agents on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), all-cause mortality, and hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) as critical outcomes, the experts decided to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of pioglitazone with this respect.Data synthesisA MEDLINE database search was performed to identify RCTs, up to June 1st, 2021, with duration≥52 weeks, in which pioglitazone was compared with either placebo or active comparators. The principal endpoints were MACE and HHF (restricted for RCT reporting MACEs within their outcomes), all-cause mortality (irrespective of the inclusion of MACEs among the pre-specified outcomes). Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio (MH–OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) was calculated for all the endpoints considered.Eight RCTs were included in the analysis for MACEs and HF (5048 and 5117 patients in the pioglitazone and control group, respectively), and 24 in that for all-cause mortality (10,682 and 9674 patients). Pioglitazone neither significantly increased nor reduced the risk of MACE, all-cause mortality, and HHF in comparison with placebo/active comparators (MH–OR: 0.90, 95% CI 0.78–1.03, 0.91, 95% CI 0.77, 1.09, and 1.16, 95% CI 0.73, 1.83, respectively). Pioglitazone was associated with a significant reduction of MACE in patients with prior cardiovascular events (MH–OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.72–0.99).ConclusionsThis meta-analysis showed no significant effects of pioglitazone on incident MACE, all-cause mortality, and HHF.     

吡格列酮抑制肺组织TLR2、TLR4的mRNA表达进而减轻重症急性胰腺炎肺损伤的机制探索

目的:探讨吡格列酮减轻重症急性胰腺炎肺损伤的机制。方法:将30只健康雄性SD大鼠,随机（随机数字法）分为假手术组、模型组、吡格列酮组,每组10只。假手术组大鼠麻醉后,胰胆管逆行注射生理盐水。模型组麻醉后,胰胆管逆行注射牛磺胆酸钠构建重症急性胰腺炎肺损伤模型。吡格列酮组腹腔注射吡格列酮后再构建模型。每组随机选择6只大鼠于手术后12 h剖杀,留取肺组织及静脉血。检测并比较三组大鼠血清淀粉酶水平及肺组织匀浆中TNF-α、NO水平;采用RT-PCR检测并比较三组肺组织TLR2 mRNA、TLR4 mRNA表达情况;比较三组间肺组织病理损伤评分和肺渗漏指数。分析TLR2和TLR4的mRNA表达情况与肺病理损伤评分、肺渗漏指数的相关性。结果:模型组血清淀粉酶及肺组织匀浆中TNF-α、NO水平均显著高于假手术组,吡格列酮组上述指标水平均显著低于模型组,差异均有统计学意义（ P<0.05）。模型组肺组织TLR2 mRNA、TLR4 mRNA表达水平以及肺组织病理损伤评分、肺渗漏指数均显著高于假手术组,吡格列酮组上述指标均显著低于模型组,差异均有统计学意义（ P<0.05）。由Spearman相关分析可见肺组织TLR2 mRNA、TLR4 mRNA表达水平与肺组织病理损伤评分呈显著正相关关系（rs=0.959, P<0.001;rs=0.924, P<0.001）;由Pearson相关分析可见肺组织TLR2 mRNA、TLR4 mRNA表达水平与肺渗漏指数均呈显著正相关关系（r=0.957, P<0.001;r=0.958, P<0.001）。 结论:吡格列酮可能通过抑制肺组织TLR2 mRNA、TLR4 mRNA的表达进而减轻重症急性胰腺炎肺损伤程度。