护士应用体外膜肺氧合技术核心能力评价指标的构建

目的 构建一套科学、系统的护士应用体外膜肺氧合（extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO）技术的核心能力评价指标,为护士的培养、考核和能力评价提供参考依据。 方法 通过文献回顾、半结构式访谈形成护士应用ECMO技术核心能力评价指标初稿,2021年2月—4月,采用德尔菲法对6个省份的25名专家进行问卷函询,运用层次分析法确定各级指标权重。 结果 共开展2轮函询,问卷有效回收率分别为90.00%、92.59%,第2轮函询专家的权威系数为0.886,肯德尔和谐系数为0.205（P<0.001）。最终构建的评价指标包括临床专业知识、临床实践技能、评判性思维能力、专业发展能力、沟通协调能力、管理能力、个人特质7个一级指标、19个二级指标、70个三级指标。 结论 构建的护士应用ECMO技术核心能力评价指标具有较高的科学性和可靠性,对护士的培养、考核和能力评价具有指导意义。     

肺部超声引导下胸部物理治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床疗效观察

目的对比肺部超声引导下胸部物理治疗与单纯胸部物理治疗对机械通气急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的疗效,探讨肺部超声在ARDS胸部物理治疗中的应用价值。方法选取在我院行机械通气的ARDS患者104例,根据ARDS限制性保护通气策略随机分为两组,对照组52例,常规治疗加机械辅助排痰;超声组52例,常规治疗加超声引导机械辅助排痰。每组根据氧合指数再分为轻度(200 mm Hg≤氧合指数<300 mm Hg)、中度(100 mm Hg≤氧合指数<200 mm Hg)、重度(氧合指数<100 mm Hg),比较两组及不同严重程度患者治疗前、治疗24 h和48 h后血气分析、肺超声评分。结果治疗过程期间提前脱机11例,死亡6例;最终纳入87例,其中对照组45例(轻度14例、中度23例、重度8例),超声组42例(轻度16例、中度19例、重度7例)。对照组与超声组治疗前氧合指数和肺超声评分比较差异均无统计学意义;对照组和超声组治疗48 h后氧合指数明显上升,超声评分明显下降,与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。两组中度患者治疗后24 h和48 h肺超声评分比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),两组轻度和重度患者间治疗后24 h和48 h肺超声评分比较差异均无统计学意义。两组中度患者治疗后24 h氧合指数比较差异无统计学意义,治疗后48 h后氧合指数比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组轻度及重度患者间治疗后24 h和48 h氧合指数比较差异均无统计学意义。氧合指数与肺部超声评分呈负相关(r=-0.510,P<0.01)。结论与单纯胸部物理治疗比较,超声引导下胸部物理治疗有助于改善部分ARDS患者氧合指数和肺超声评分,具有潜在临床应用价值。     

Neurophysiological adaptations to spaceflight and simulated microgravity

Changes in physiological functions after spaceflight and simulated spaceflight involve several mechanisms. Microgravity is one of them and it can be partially reproduced with models, such as head down bed rest (HDBR). Yet, only a few studies have investigated in detail the complexity of neurophysiological systems and their integration to maintain homeostasis. Central nervous system changes have been studied both in their structural and functional component with advanced techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance (fMRI), showing the main involvement of the cerebellum, cortical sensorimotor, and somatosensory areas, as well as vestibular-related pathways. Analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) led to contrasting results, mainly due to the different factors affecting brain activity. The study of corticospinal excitability may enable a deeper understanding of countermeasures' effect, since greater excitability has been shown being correlated with better preservation of functions. Less is known about somatosensory evoked potentials and peripheral nerve function, yet they may be involved in a homeostatic mechanism fundamental to thermoregulation. Extending the knowledge of such alterations during simulated microgravity may be useful not only for space exploration, but for its application in clinical conditions and for life on Earth, as well.     

氧合指数及弥散指数对新型冠状病毒肺炎合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征的机械通气患者预后的评估研究

背景　《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案（试行第七版）》指出若重症、危重症患者的治疗中使用高流量鼻导管氧疗或无创通气后短时间（ 1~2 h） 内病情无改善甚至恶化,应当及时进行气管插管和有创机械通气,但其并未给出客观参考指标,而通常使用的氧合指数在该类患者临床应用中存在不足,故而探寻更有参考价值的预后评估指标显得尤为重要。目的　分析新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）患者出现急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）进行机械通气治疗时氧合指数和弥散指数对患者预后评估的差异。方法　选取2020-01-25至03-14在武汉科技大学天佑医院ICU收治的行机械通气的COVID-19并发ARDS患者39例,其中2例因24 h内死亡脱失,以患者28 d的预后结果分为生存组（n=11）和死亡组（n=26）,记录呼吸机参数设置与对应的血气数值,分析氧合指数、弥散指数与患者28 d预后的相关性。结果　生存组最差氧合指数、入ICU时弥散指数、最差弥散指数高于死亡组（P<0.05）。入ICU时氧合指数预测死亡的灵敏度为100.0%,特异度为46.2%,ROC曲线下面积（AUC）为0.654,AUC与参考值比较,差异无统计学意义（P=0.144）;最差氧合指数预测死亡的灵敏度为3.8%,特异度为100.0%,AUC为0.862,AUC与参考值比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;入ICU时弥散指数预测死亡的灵敏度为7.7%,特异度为100.0%,AUC为0.734,AUC与参考值比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;最差弥散指数预测死亡的灵敏度为100.0%,特异度为80.8%,AUC为0.902,AUC与参考值比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论　对于COVID-19患者发生ARDS时,弥散指数是比氧合指数灵敏度高且可信度高的预后评估指标。     

联合高压氧综合治疗 Fournier坏疽（附14例报告）

目的：探讨Fournier坏疽（Fournier＇s gangrene, FG）的发病因素、诊断、联合高压氧的治疗方法及预后。方法对收治的14例FG患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并探讨我们的诊治经验。全部患者均早期采用外科清创引流、足量抗生素抗感染、高压氧等联合治疗措施,清创同时行阴茎切除术＋膀胱造瘘及肠造瘘各1例。 II期行阴囊缝合成型术4例,阴囊植皮术8例,阴茎切除术后行尿道外口成型＋阴囊植皮1例。结果痊愈出院13例,仅1例患者因脓毒败血症所致多器官功能衰竭而死亡。结论 FG应早期诊断,尽早行广泛清创引流、广谱抗生素及高压氧治疗。待创面无明显炎症反应并长出新鲜肉芽组织后,行II期缝合或植皮术重塑阴囊、会阴部及阴茎皮肤。     

Adjunctive Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy or Alone Antibiotherapy? Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Mediastinitis in a Rat Model

OBJECTIVE

In the post-sternotomy mediastinitis patients, Staphylococcus aureus is the pathogenic microorganism encountered most often. In our study, we aimed to determine the efficacy of antibiotic treatment with vancomycin and tigecycline, alone or in combination with hyperbaric oxygen treatment, on bacterial elimination in experimental S. aureus mediastinitis.

METHODS

Forty-nine adult female Wistar rats were used. They were randomly divided into seven groups, as follows: non-contaminated, contaminated control, vancomycin, tigecycline, hyperbaric oxygen, hyperbaric oxygen + vancomycin and hyperbaric oxygen + tigecycline. The vancomycin rat group received 10 mg/kg/day of vancomycin twice a day through intramuscular injection. The tigecycline group rats received 7 mg/kg/day of tigecycline twice a day through intraperitoneal injection. The hyperbaric oxygen group underwent 90 min sessions of 100% oxygen at 2.5 atm pressure. Treatment continued for 7 days. Twelve hours after the end of treatment, tissue samples were obtained from the upper part of the sternum for bacterial count assessment.

RESULTS

When the quantitative bacterial counts of the untreated contaminated group were compared with those of the treated groups, a significant decrease was observed. However, comparing the antibiotic groups with the same antibiotic combined with hyperbaric oxygen, there was a significant reduction in microorganisms identified (P<0.05). Comparing hyperbaric oxygen used alone with the vancomycin and tigecycline groups, it was seen that the effect was not significant (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

We believe that the combination of hyperbaric oxygen with antibiotics had a significant effect on mediastinitis resulting from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus mediastinitis can be treated without requiring a multidrug combination, thereby reducing the medication dose and concomitantly decreasing the side effects.     

Cardiopulmonary bypass: development of John Gibbon's heart-lung machine

Objective

To provide a brief review of the development of cardiopulmonary bypass.

Methods

A review of the literature on the development of extracorporeal circulation techniques, their essential role in cardiovascular surgery, and the complications associated with their use, including hemolysis and inflammation.

Results

The advancement of extracorporeal circulation techniques has played an essential role in minimizing the complications of cardiopulmonary bypass, which can range from various degrees of tissue injury to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Investigators have long researched the ways in which cardiopulmonary bypass may insult the human body. Potential solutions arose and laid the groundwork for development of safer postoperative care strategies.

Conclusion

Steady progress has been made in cardiopulmonary bypass in the decades since it was first conceived of by Gibbon. Despite the constant evolution of cardiopulmonary bypass techniques and attempts to minimize their complications, it is still essential that clinicians respect the particularities of each patient''s physiological function.