Contrasting effects of vasopressin,desglycinamide-vasopressin and amphetamine on a delayed matching to position task in rats

The effects of peripherally injected arginine vasopressin (AVP: 0–25 g/kg), its desglycinamide analogue (DGAVP: 0–25 g/kg), which is practically devoid of pressor activity, and d-amphetamine (AMP: 0–1.25 mg/kg) were studied using a delayed (0–32 s) matching to position task (Dunnett 1985). A limited hold for responding (20 s) was in operation. This task enables an accurate assessment of forgetting in rats. AVP reliably improved per cent correct performance, and this effect was substantiated by accuracy indices derived from signal detection theory (TSD). DGAVP, however, was inactive, suggesting that the parent peptide's pressor properties were responsible for its beneficial effects. AMP disrupted performance in a dose-related manner, and was the only substance to alter a TSD bias index (responsivity index, RI), indicating a degree of response repetition at the highest dose. These results are consistent with some earlier reports, and suggest that AVP may enhance memory by peripheral action, while AMP disrupts performance. Closer inspection of the data, however, suggested that the peptide reduced general responsiveness. A new index to measure bias (Sahgal 1987) suggested that AVP-treated subjects restricted their sample and choice responses to one side of the operant chamber, thereby achieving a spuriously high detection rate with few errors of commission (incorrect responses). It is concluded that AVP does not, after all, improve performance: on the contrary it has detrimental effects, and produces errors of omission (failure to respond).     

劳动参与对退休老年群体健康的影响研究

目的:了解退休老年群体劳动参与行为对其健康状况的影响。方法:利用2011年、2013年、2015年中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)全国数据,以报告已办理退休手续的1757名60岁及以上老年人作为研究对象,使用倾向得分匹配法研究退休后劳动参与行为对健康的影响。结果:劳动参与对退休老年群体自评健康、日常生活能力及慢性病患病情况的平均处理效应分别为0.099、0.324和0.562,存在正向促进作用且效应具有显著性;而对认知功能、抑郁情绪及生活满意度的作用则并不显著。结论:总体而言,劳动参与行为不会对退休老年群体的健康状况产生显著负面影响,且在一定程度上对提升退休老年群体的自评健康、日常生活能力及改善老年群体慢性病患病情况具有积极作用,积极鼓励退休老年群体参与劳动将有利于我国健康老龄化、积极老龄化的实现。     

匹配在观察性研究中的作用——有向无环图视角

匹配是观察性研究中选择研究对象的一种常用方法,具有控制混杂因素、提高统计效率等作用,但其控制混杂因素的作用在不同观察性研究中并不一致,匹配在队列研究中能够消除匹配变量的混杂偏倚,但在病例对照研究中匹配本身并不能消除混杂偏倚。在匹配性病例对照研究选择匹配变量时,研究者可能并不能准确判断该变量是否为混杂变量,若误将真实情况为非混杂因素的变量进行匹配,则会形成过度匹配,造成统计效率下降或引入难以避免的偏倚或增加工作量等;若将真实情况为混杂因素的变量遗漏不予匹配,则会造成混杂偏倚。有向无环图是一种直观的展示不同流行病学研究设计、变量间复杂因果关系的可视化图形语言。本文从有向无环图视角分析匹配在不同观察性研究设计中的作用、匹配性病例对照研究中欲匹配变量的选择标准制定,为今后流行病学研究设计提供一定的参考建议。     

Behavioural analysis of the anorectic effects of fluoxetine and fenfluramine

Two sets of experiments were carried out to compare the effects of fenfluramine and fluoxetine on consummatory and operant behaviour. In food-deprived rats allowed access to a 35% sucrose solution, an initial period of sucrose consumption was followed by a short period of grooming and exploratory behaviour, later superceded by resting. This behavioural satiety sequence was advanced by fluoxetine, but disrupted bydl-fenfluramine, which suppressed post-prandial resting, even at sub-anorectic doses. Fluoxetine also elicited resting behaviour following water drinking. However, this did not appear to be a non-specific sedative effect, since fluoxetine increased post-prandial grooming. In rats performing on random interval schedules of food reinforcement, fluoxetine caused proportionally greater decreases in responding on a reinforcement-lean schedule (RI-300s), as compared to a reinforcement-rich schedule (RI-7.5s); this effect is similar to that of a reduction in level of food deprivation. By contrast, fenfluramine reduced responding equally on both schedules. In both paradigms, the effects of fluoxetine were compatible with an increase in postprandial satiety, but the effects of fenfluramine were not.     

传染性非典型肺炎流行因素的病例对照研究

目的:了解传染性非典型肺炎(SARS)主要传播因素及危险因素.方法:应用1:1配比的病例对照研究方法对SARS病例与正常对照进行研究.采用条件Logistic回归分析方法进行资料分析.结果:单因素分析结果表明X1(发病前20 d内没有到外市(县)旅行史)、X2(发病前20 d内没有到过医院)、X19(发病前没有患其它疾病)对SARS的发病具有保护作用,其OR值分别为0.49(0.24～0.96)、0.44(0.27～0.71)、0.39(0.23～0.68).而X10(发病前患有高血压病)和X5(发病前20 d内与确诊(或疑似)非典病例接触)具有较强的危险性,它们的OR值分别为3.67(1.02～13.14)、11.20(3.36～37.35).而多因素分析中,只有X1、X5、X7(住宅类型)3个因素进入模型,其OR值分别为0.32(0.12～0.87)、22.93(2.54～207.02)、1.93(0.75～4.95).结论:SARS的发病与接触史、居住在居民楼、外出旅行史有关.高血压病人是高危人群,应加强防护.     

Delayed acute kidney injury recognition is not associated with poor short?term outcomes: a propensity score matched study

Objective Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common but usually under?diagnosed in hospitalized patients, of the impact of which on patients is still unclear. The paper was aimed to investigate the impact of delayed recognition of AKI on short?time prognosis of patients through a propensity score matched study． Methods From Oct 2013 to Sep 2014，1401 adult hospitalized patients with AKI in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were divided into delayed recognition group and timely?diagnosed group according to propensity score matching (1∶1) without replacement method. Primary endpoint was 30?day all?cause mortality, and secondary endpoints included recovery of kidney at discharge, length of hospitalization, length of intensive care unit stay and hospital costs．Results There were significant differences in age, department distribution, complications, stage of AKI, Charlson index, APACHEⅡ score, SOFA score between the two groups before matching. After matching, there were no significant difference in demographic data, department distribution, complications, stage of AKI, Charlson index, APACHE II score, SOFA score between the two groups except in blood urea nitrogen (P=0.039) and use of diuretics (P=0.018). Delayed recognition of acute kidney injury was not associated with 30?day all?cause mortality in univariate (P=0.711) and multivariate Logistic regression analyses. The secondary endpoints did not differ in two groups. Conclusion Delayed acute kidney injury recognition did not associate with poor short?term outcomes in adult hospitalized patients．     

药典用试药、试液标准溶液配套与规范的研究

目的：通过深入研究药典用试药、试液标准溶液在药检所与药厂的使用,得出试药、试液的配套与规范对药典标准的贯彻执行具有重要意义。方法：通过国内外药典对试药、试液标准溶液的要求与规范,并结合中国的实际情况,分析出药典用试药、试液标准溶液配套与规范的发展趋势,并给出配套与规范对药典长期贯彻执行的意义所在。结果：药典用试药、试液标准溶液的配套与规范对药典执行有重要意义。北京曼哈格生物科技有限公司在药典用试药、试液标准溶液的生产、研发与管理体系上都有深入的研究,可协助中国药典委员会进行药典用试药、试液标准溶液配套与规范的服务工作。结论：双方可共同研究药典用试药试液标准溶液存在的问题的解决方案,已彻底落实中国药典委员会对药典标准的贯彻执行。     

Sound fields for coded excitations in water and tissue: experimental approach

Coded ultrasonography is intensively studied in many laboratories due to its remarkable properties, particularly increased penetration depth and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). However, no data on the spatial behavior of the pressure field generated by coded bursts transmissions in the tissue were yet reported. This paper reports the results of investigations of the field structure in water, in degassed beef liver and in pork tissue using four different excitations signals, two and 16 periods sine bursts and sinusoidal sequences with phase modulation using 13-bits Barker code and 16-bits Golay complementary codes. The results of measured pressure field distributions before and after compression were compared with those recorded using short pulse excitation.     

结肠镜检查等待时间对患者肠道准备质量的影响研究

目的 了解结肠镜检查患者肠道准备现状并分析其影响因素,评价肠道准备完成至结肠镜检查开始的间隔时间对肠道准备质量的影响。 方法 收集2019年4月—9月在福州市3所三级甲等医院消化内镜中心行结肠镜检查门诊患者的人口统计学与临床资料。采用卡方检验筛选对肠道准备质量影响显著的因素（P<0.10）,应用倾向值匹配分析法消除混杂因素后,对比间隔时间（2,3] h、（3,4] h、（4,5] h、（5,6] h、（6,7] h、（7,8] h、（8,∞） h组的肠道准备质量差异。 结果 共有401例患者纳入研究,经匹配新生成316组样本数据,并检验证实已排除混杂因素影响。方差分析得出：不同间隔时间组之间的肠道准备质量存在差异,间隔（2,3] h肠道准备质量显著优于（4,5] h、（6,7] h,间隔（3,4] h肠道准备质量显著优于（6,7] h,（2,3] h与（3,4] h两组之间无显著差异,（4,5] h、（6,7] h、（7,8] h、（8,∞） h任意两组之间无显著差异。 结论 肠道准备完成至开始结肠镜检查间隔时间在2~4 h内,肠道准备质量可以保持在最佳清洁状态。