Management of blood pressure disorders in individuals with spinal cord injury

Blood pressure regulation is impacted by a spinal cord injury (SCI) due to impaired descending sympathetic vascular control. Common blood pressure problems in the SCI population include persistently low blood pressure with bouts of orthostatic hypotension and autonomic dysreflexia, which are more prevalent in individuals with lesions above the sixth thoracic vertebral level; however, they may occur regardless of the neurological level of injury. Although blood pressure disorders adversely impact daily function and quality of life, most individuals with SCI do not acknowledge this association. Few pharmacological options have been rigorously tested for safety and efficacy to manage blood pressure disorders in the SCI population. Furthermore, clinical management of any one blood pressure disorder may adversely impact others, as such treatment is complicated and not often prioritized.     

Management of Neonatal Hypotension and Shock

The current standard approach to manage circulatory insufficiency is inappropriately simple and clear: respond to low blood pressure to achieve higher values. However, the evidence for this is limited affecting all steps within the process: assessment, decision making, therapeutic options, and treatment effects. We have to overcome the ‘one size fits all’ approach and respect the dynamic physiologic transition from fetal to neonatal life in the context of complex underlying conditions. Caregivers need to individualize their approaches to individual circumstances. This paper will review various clinical scenarios, including managing transitional low blood pressure, to circulatory impairment involving different pathologies such as hypoxia-ischemia and sepsis. We will highlight the current evidence and set potential goals for future development in these areas. We hope to encourage caregivers to question the current standards and to support urgently needed research in this overlooked but crucial field of neonatal intensive care.     

Effect of lower leg compression during cesarean section on post-spinal hypotension and neonatal hemodynamic parameters: nonrandomized controlled clinical trial

ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the effect of lower leg compression during cesarean section (CS) on post-spinal hypotension (PSH) and neonatal hemodynamic parameters.MethodsThis study is a nonrandomized controlled clinical trial conducted in the cesarean delivery unit of the National Medical institute, Damanhour, Egypt. The sample included 120 parturients (60 intervention and 60 control). The researchers developed three tools for data collection: sociodemographic data and reproductive history interview schedule, electronic monitoring of maternal hemodynamic parameters, and neonatal hemodynamic assessment sheet. All parturients received ordinary pre-operative care. For the intervention group, a long elastic stocking (ordinary pressure 20–30 mmHg, 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) was applied on both legs during cesarean section. The control group received the same care without the elastic stocking.ResultsSystolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial blood pressure were significantly higher in the intervention group throughout the entire operation period except in the last 5–15 min. Heart rate was significantly lower in the intervention group. Only 13.3% of the intervention group took ephedrine compared with 45% of the control group. Apgar score was higher among neonates of intervention group compared with the control group at 1 min. Neonatal acidosis was significantly higher in the control group than in the contral group.ConclusionLower leg compression technique can effectively reduce PSH and neonatal acidosis.     

维持性血液透析患者透析中低血压风险预测模型的构建

目的 分析维持性血液透析（maintenance hemodialysis,MHD）患者发生透析中低血压（intradialytic hypotension,IDH）的影响因素,构建MHD患者发生IDH的风险预测模型。 方法 选取福建省5所三级甲等医院行MHD的患者475例。通过Lasso回归筛选预测因子,采用多因素Logistic回归分析建立MHD患者发生IDH的风险预测模型,并使用列线图展示模型。采用ROC曲线、校准曲线评价模型的区分度及校准度,使用Bootstrap法对模型进行内部验证。结果 身高、原发病类型、超滤量、透析前收缩压及近期（≤1个月）频发IDH是MHD患者发生IDH的影响因素。列线图模型的ROC曲线下面积为0.830,灵敏度为71.8%,特异度为79.9%,约登指数为0.517,内部验证C-统计量为0.814。结论 该研究构建的模型预测效果较好,可为临床护理人员识别MHD患者发生IDH及实施预防性护理提供借鉴。     

Manejo intraoperatorio de la presión arterial

Intraoperative mean blood pressure of <60-70 mmHg is associated with a higher prevalence of myocardial injury in non-cardiac surgery, acute kidney injury and mortality. Systolic blood pressure of <100 mmHg is also associated with an increase rate of myocardial injury in non-cardiac surgery and mortality.The injury is related to the severity and duration of intraoperative hypotension episode. Avoiding the mean arterial blood pressure to decrease below >30% of baseline, is recommended. It is reasonable to normalize mean blood pressure to baseline values as soon as possible. Baseline blood pressure defined as the usual blood pressure at home or blood pressure in the preoperative assessment. Although the evidence is not conclusive, it is reasonable to avoid the blood pressure to increase >180 mmHg or mean blood pressure >110 mmHg. Importantly, noting that current evidence shows there is a much higher risk of injury associated with a mean blood pressure lower than >30% of baseline, than associated with an increase of systolic blood pressure >180 mmHg.It is reasonable to use low dose of prophylactic vasopressors, as well as, hypnotics with less effect on systemic vascular resistance (etomidate or ketamine) on high risk patients (severe septic shock, severe hypovolemia, severe left or right ventricle systolic impairment) to avoid anesthesia induction-associated hypotension.It is reasonable to attenuate the hemodynamic response associated to laryngoscopy and intubation, with short half-live drugs, in selected patients (chronic hypertension poorly controlled and hypertension in elderly more than 70 years-old).To determine the cause of the hypertension and the presence of problems associated with hypertension might be crucial to choose the best antihypertensive drug and, therefore, leading to the most appropriate hypertension treatment.     

肥胖患者椎管内麻醉后低血压的危险因素及预测的有效性

目的探讨肥胖患者椎管内麻醉后发生低血压的危险因素,评估肥胖相关指标预测椎管内麻醉后低血压的效果。方法选取2018年6月至2019年6月在本院择期行椎管内麻醉手术肥胖患者228例,男115例,女113例,年龄18～70岁,BMI≥24 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。根据患者椎管内麻醉后仰卧位10 min内是否发生低血压分为两组:低血压组和非低血压组,低血压定义为MAP下降幅度超过基线值的20%。采用二元logistic回归分析肥胖患者椎管内麻醉后发生低血压的危险因素,并用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)计算肥胖相关测量指标对椎管内麻醉后低血压的预测效果及阈值。结果共有97例(42.5%)患者椎管内麻醉后发生低血压。其中血脂异常(OR=3.593,95%CI 1.974～6.541)和腹型肥胖(OR=1.980,95%CI 1.068～3.668)是肥胖患者椎管内麻醉后发生低血压的独立危险因素。在肥胖相关测量指标中,腰围对肥胖患者椎管内麻醉后低血压的预测效果最优,男性患者阈值为87.5 cm,敏感性92.9%,特异性81.4%。女性患者阈值为83.5 cm,敏感性89.6%,特异性93.8%。结论术前重视肥胖患者的血脂及腰围可以有助于预测椎管内麻醉后低血压。