尿石症与骨质疏松相关性的研究进展

尿路结石与骨质疏松均存在钙代谢异常,且发病率高,对生活质量造成严重影响,研究表明两者之间存在一定相关性。高钙尿症通过骨吸收增加等,或为两者发病机制间的关键桥梁。对遗传因素的研究中也发现了许多与两者有关的基因,主要为腺苷酸环化酶10基因、1,25-(OH)2D3-24羟化酶基因、钙敏受体与紧密连接蛋白14基因。但对上述一些基因变异与尿石症和骨质疏松的研究尚存在不同结论,且其具体机制仍待进一步研究。雌激素缺乏通过骨丢失、减少瞬时感受器电位阳离子通道V5表达,造成高钙尿、低骨量,导致尿石症及骨质疏松。高蛋白、高钠、低钙等饮食因素也能影响两者的形成,笔者综述两者之间相关性的研究进展。     

中期18F-FDG PET-CT两种图像判读法在弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤预后评估中的应用

目的:探讨中期正电子发射型计算机断层显像(positron emission tomography-computed tomography,PET-CT)Deauville五分法(Deauville five-point scale,5-PS)与最大标准摄取值缩减率(maximum standard uptake value variation,△SUVmax)两种图像判读法在弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,DLBCL)患者预后评估中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2012年10月至2018年6月重庆医科大学附属第一医院收治的94例DLBCL患者资料。采用Kaplan-Meier法及Cox比例风险回归模型进行生存资料分析,计算并采用χ2检验比较5-PS和△SUVmax对DLBCL患者预后预测的能力。结果:5-PS和△SUVmax分别以4分、86%进行分组。5-PS<4分组、△SUVmax≥86%组的患者无进展生存期(progression free survival,PFS)和总生存期(overall survival,OS)均优于5-PS≥4分组、△SUVmax<86%组的患者(P<0.05)。△SUVmax与5-PS对患者PFS和OS均有影响,较高的阴性预测值(89.4%,93.6%;76.1%,85.9%),较低的阳性预测值(48.9%,31.9%;47.8%,34.8%),并且△SUVmax对于患者的敏感性优于5-PS(82.1%,83.3%vs.39.3%,44.4%)。单因素分析中国际预后指数(international prognostic index,IPI)(P=0.007)、△SUVmax(P<0.001)、5-PS(P=0.014)及基线全身肿瘤代谢体积(total metabolic tumor volume,TMTV)(P=0.001)与PFS相关,△SUVmax(P=0.014)、5-PS(P=0.033)、TMTV(P=0.004)与OS相关;多因素分析显示TMTV是OS的独立预测因子(P=0.005),△SUVmax和TMTV是PFS的独立预测因子(P=0.002,P=0.020),并且△SUVmax<86%且高水平TMTV患者较低TMTV患者的PFS明显缩短(P=0.001)。结论:5-PS和△SUVmax均能初步评估DLBCL患者预后,但△SUVmax具有更高的预测价值,并且联合基线TMTV可以对DLBCL患者进行再次危险度分层。     

狼疮抗凝物检测在静脉血栓栓塞症中的应用进展

狼疮抗凝物是发生静脉血栓栓塞症的危险因素之一,在静脉血栓栓塞症患者中检测狼疮抗凝物,对治疗方案抉择和疗效预后判断等方面具有重要意义。目前尚无相关文献对狼疮抗凝物检测在静脉血栓栓塞症中的应用进展进行分析总结,为加深对此类患者的认识,更好地帮助临床医生对此类患者进行合理的诊治和管理,现就有关流行病学、检测注意事项及检测结果在静脉血栓栓塞症中的价值和相关治疗进行综述。     

Impact of different types of olive oil on cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

Background and aimThis network meta-analysis (NMA) compares the effects of different types of olive oil (OO) on cardiovascular risk factors.Methods and resultsLiterature search was conducted on three electronic databases (Medline, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central). Inclusion criteria: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (≥3 weeks duration of intervention) comparing at least two of the following types of OO: refined OO (ROO), mixed OO (MOO), low phenolic (extra) virgin OO (LP(E)VOO), and high phenolic (extra) virgin OO (HP(E)VOO). Random-effects NMA was performed for seven outcomes; and surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) was estimated, using an analytical approach (P-score). Thirteen RCTs (16 reports) with 611 mainly healthy participants (mean age: 26–70 years) were identified. No differences for total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and diastolic blood pressure were observed comparing ROO, MOO, LP(E)VOO and HP(E)VOO. HP(E)VOO slightly reduce LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) compared to LP(E)VOO (mean difference [MD]: −0.14 mmol/L, 95%–CI: −0.28, −0.01). Both, HP(E)VOO and LP(E)VOO reduces SBP compared to ROO (range of MD: −2.99 to −2.87 mmHg), and HP(E)VOO may improve oxidized LDL-cholesterol (oxLDL-C) compared to ROO (standardized MD: −0.68, 95%–CI: −1.31, −0.04). In secondary analyses, EVOO may reduce oxLDL-C compared to ROO, and a dose-response relationship between higher intakes of phenolic compounds from OO and lower SBP and oxLDL-C values was detected. HP(E)VOO was ranked as best treatment for LDL-C (P-score: 0.83), oxLDL-C (0.88), and SBP (0.75).ConclusionsHP(E)VOO may improve some cardiovascular risk factors, however, public health implications are limited by overall low or moderate certainty of evidence.     

Utility of the relative apparent diffusion coefficient for preoperative assessment of low risk endometrial carcinoma

ObjectivesLymphadenectomy is not recommended for low risk stage I endometrial carcinoma (EC) patients. This study was to investigate the predictive value of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in predicting patients with low risk EC, and to identify an optimum ADC measurement for preoperative assessment.Materials and methodsEighty-one patients with stage I EC who underwent diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) at 1.5T were included and divided into low group and intermediate-high risk group based on the ESMO-ESGO-ESTRO classification. Clinical indexes, conventional MRI parameters, minimum ADC values (minADC), mean ADC values (meanADC) and relative ADC values (rADC) were compared between those two groups. rADC was calculated using the equation ADC (cancer)/ADC (reference) with the obturator internus muscle as reference. The optimal ADC measurement and cut-off ADC value for low risk EC were calculated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.ResultsThe low risk group had significantly higher meanADC, minADC, and rADC values than did the intermediate-high risk group (1.095 vs. 0.902 × 10⁻³ mm²/s, 0.755 vs. 0.657 × 10⁻³ mm²/s, 0.754 vs. 0.603, respectively). In assessments of low risk EC patients, the area under the curve (AUC) values for meanADC, minADC, and rADC were 0.840 (95%CI, 0.749,0.931), 0.681 (95% CI: 0.561,0.800), and 0.876(95% CI: 0.798,0.954), respectively. The optimal cut-off rADC value for prediction was 0.669, the maximum Youden index, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy values were 0.683, 81.8%, 86.5%, and 84.0%, respectively.ConclusionsrADC is superior to minADC and meanADC for predicting patients with low risk EC, and could potentially aid to the surgical management of these patients in avoiding unnecessary lymphadenectomy.     

抗PD-(L)1、抗CTLA-4免疫治疗标志物研究进展

免疫检查点抑制剂已经改变了包括肺癌、黑色素瘤等许多肿瘤的治疗情况，并且在一些难治性肿瘤中表现出持久的应答率，然而在部分接受治疗的患者中表现出无反应及严重免疫相关副作用。为了优化免疫疗法的使用，可能需要多种临床应答的预测性标志物。本研究回顾了几种潜在有效生物标志物的可用数据，通过免疫组化检测肿瘤细胞和免疫细胞中PD-L1的表达，提示其是一种临床疗效的良好预测标志物;且PD-L1表达阴性者经免疫治疗后仍可获益。PD-L1表达在肿瘤内是动态和异质性的:在原发性灶和转移灶之间或在穿刺标本和大体标本之间表达不一致。肿瘤突变负荷与新抗原的高比率可获得持久获益。外周血标志物也可作为潜在标志物，增加的绝对淋巴细胞计数（ALC）与疾病控制和生存显著相关。在这篇综述中，我们旨在讨论抗PD-（L）1与抗CTLA-4 免疫治疗相关标志物研究现状，为临床运用提供指导，以便能够准确筛选出从这些治疗中获益更多的患者。     

呼吸专科护士慢性呼吸疾病管理现状调查

目的调查呼吸专科护士慢性呼吸疾病管理现状,为提高慢性呼吸疾病的管理水平提供参考。方法依据《中国成人慢性呼吸疾病患者护理管理指南》设计调查问卷,对重庆、四川、贵州、陕西、河北、湖北、海南7省市的205名呼吸专科护士进行问卷调查。结果呼吸专科护士慢性呼吸疾病管理总分为(140.72±23.90)分。慢性呼吸疾病管理得分最低的3个条目有评估工具应用、个性化管理计划的实施、慢阻肺随访的次数及指导哮喘患者使用峰流速仪;呼吸专科护士所在单位慢性呼吸疾病管理平台建设均低于50%。结论呼吸专科护士慢性呼吸疾病管理处于中等偏下水平,评估是慢性呼吸疾病管理的薄弱点。需加强呼吸专科护士专业能力培养,规范慢性呼吸疾病全程管理,强化医院平台建设等,提高慢性呼吸疾病的管理水平。     

以临床胜任力为导向的CBL在急危重症护理本科教学中的实践

目的　探讨临床胜任力为导向的病例教学（case-based learning，CBL）在急危重症护理学本科教学中的可行性和有效性。方法　将急危重症护理本科生120人随机分为CBL教学组和传统教学组。根据每次实习学生人数，CBL教学组分为数个小组，每小组固定一个带教教师，并以小组为单位进行临床教学实践；传统教学组采用既往的临床实习教学方式，即一个学生固定跟随一个带教教师。采用理论考试、技能考试以及问卷调查等多种考核方式评价两组的教学效果，采用SPSS 21.0软件行t检验和卡方检验。结果　与传统教学组相比，CBL教学组在理论考试[（92.5±3.0） vs. （85.3±3.3）]和技能考试[（93.1±4.5） vs. （88.1±3.4）]方面均更好，且差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；在对教学满意度调查方面，CBL教学组优于传统教学组。结论　以临床胜任力为导向的CBL教学应用于急危重症护理本科教学是可行的，能有效培养学生的临床思维和提高实际的临床胜任力。     

绝经后女性2型糖尿病伴骨质疏松患者骨密度与骨代谢指标的相关性分析

目的分析研究绝经后女性2型糖尿病伴骨质疏松症患者骨密度与骨代谢指标的相关性。方法选取2013年10月至2017年05月于重庆医科大学附属第一医院内分泌内科住院的绝经后女性2型糖尿病患者385名。搜集其基本资料、骨代谢指标及骨密度等。根据T值将这些患者分为骨质疏松组(233例)、骨量减少组(101例)和骨量正常组(51例),比较三组间骨代谢指标的变化,并对骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)与各项骨代谢指标进行相关性分析。结果 1型前胶原氨基末端前肽(Type I procollagen N-terminal propeptide,P1NP)、骨钙素(bone Gla protein,BGP)在骨质疏松组显著高于骨量减少组、骨量正常组(P0.05);随着骨密度的降低,1型胶原羧基端肽β特殊序列(β-Carboxyl terminal peptide,β-CTX)逐渐升高,骨质疏松组、骨量减少组与骨量正常组相比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Spearman等级相关分析示P1NP、BGP、β-CTX与骨密度呈负相关,25(OH)D_3与骨密度呈现正相关。结论绝经后女性2型糖尿病伴骨质疏松症患者骨密度与骨代谢指标有一定的相关性,有助于预测骨折风险并及时抗骨质疏松治疗。     

重庆市主要交通干道机动车尾气污染状况

目的：探讨重庆市机动车尾气污染状况,为研究其对人群健康的影响提供依据.方法：测定重庆市主要交通干道空气中铅含量、苯并（a）芘[B（a）P]浓度、总悬浮颗粒、PM10、PM2.5和PM1浓度并进行相关分析.结果：重庆市各主要交通干道尾气污染物浓度均超过国家环境卫生标准.结论：该市应采取措施控制机动车尾气污染环境.