临床护理带教教师多层次岗前培训现状与需求分析

目的　调查临床护理带教教师多层次岗前培训的培训现状并分析其培训需求,为进一步完善临床护理带教教师岗前培训的方案设计提供参考。方法　采用横断面调查法,利用自行设计的调查问卷,于2020年4月至2020年6月对采用多层次岗前培训模式的哈尔滨市某三级综合医院的172名临床护理带教教师进行调查,分析其岗前培训的现状与教师的培训需求。通过SPSS 17.0统计软件对所有原始数据进行统计学处理。结果　172名调查对象中,138名（80.2%）教师年龄在35岁以下,133名（77.3%）教师第一学历在本科以下;89名（51.7%）教师明确医院或科室会有计划、有组织地开展岗前培训,10名（5.8%）教师表示医院或科室从未组织过培训,41名（23.8%）教师从未参加过岗前培训,80名（46.5%）教师参加岗前培训的次数为1~3次。院内培训和科内培训的前8项培训内容有5项重复,分别是科室常见病疾病知识、护理程序、沟通技能、医院规章制度、带教方法。培训需求总得分为（154.51±40.35）分,总体需求率为81.3%,处于高等水平;得分率最高的维度是法制和人文素养,得分率为83.0 %;得分率最低的维度是教学管理,得分率为74.9%。培训需求得分率最高的9个条目分别为对学生基本素质（慎独、乐学、敬业品质等）的培养（84.7%）、法律知识（84.4%）、科室常用药物配伍禁忌（84.3%）、护士礼仪（83.3%）、护理风险防范（83.1%）、对学生的教育评价方法（83.1 %）、护患沟通技巧（83.0%）、科室常用药物的用药观察要点（83.0%）、科室常用药物作用（82.9%）。序位前3的培训形式分别为网络学习84名（48.8%）、医院内部有经验的教师讲授74名（43.0%）、经验交流与分享讨论会72名（41.9%）。结论　该院临床护理带教教师队伍人才结构相对年轻,第一学历偏低,应大力加强临床护理带教教师岗前培训工作;岗前培训开展的知晓率与参与度均一般,应加强各渠道培训信息的发布,提高培训活动的知晓率,明确参与岗前培训活动的鼓励或奖励措施,提高培训活动的参与度;各层次岗前培训内容存在重复,且与临床护理带教教师的培训需求存在差距,建议各教学医院结合自身培训对象的培训需求,采用线上线下混合的培训模式,合理统筹各层次的培训内容,避免培训内容重复,避免师资浪费,并可适时组织带教教师开展经验交流分享会。     

Contextual influences on chronic illness: A multi-level analysis in the twin cities of Ramallah and Al Bireh in the occupied Palestinian Territory

The features of the urban environment can support human health as well as harm it, but less is known about such influences in the context of middle eastern countries. The association between green space and the political classifications of the urban environment and the risk of chronic illness was investigated in a novel setting, the twin cities of Ramallah and Albireh in the occupied Palestinian territory. We used a generalised multi-level regression analysis to link the 2017 census data with Geographic Information System data. We modelled individuals at level one (n = 54693) and areas of residence at level two (n = 228), adjusting for individual demographic and socio-economic characteristics.The proportions of ‘mixed’ trees in residential areas had a significant inverse association with the risk of chronic illness. On the political dimension, only living in a refugee camp had a significant positive association with chronic illness; however, this was largely explained and rendered non-significant when green space variables were entered into the models. Our ability to differentiate between several types of green space was important, as findings demonstrated that not all types were associated with reduced risk of chronic illness. Our results from a middle eastern setting add to the largely Western existing evidence, that trees in urban settings are important and beneficial to human health. Researchers and policymakers should pay more attention to the health consequences of refugee camps but also the role of trees in benefiting individuals' health in such a disadvantaged context.     

多水平模型分析2015年湖北省成人基于屏幕久坐时间现状及其影响因素

目的 了解湖北省成人业余基于屏幕久坐时间的现状及其影响因素,为制定相关干预措施提供参考依据。方法 采用描述统计和多水平模型分析湖北省2015年多阶段随机整群抽样问卷调查数据,针对湖北省6031名成年人业余基于屏幕久坐行为的情况进行分析。结果 调查对象平均年龄为（52.4±14.2）岁,花费在屏幕上的平均时间为（177.3±136.9）分钟/天。>65岁和身体活动水平较高参与者在闲暇时间使用屏幕的时间比其他年龄组和身体活动水平中下的参与者少;大专及以上学历、未工作、在吸烟、超重参与者屏幕使用时间更多。结论 目前的结论表明,在所有人群中,特别是年轻人、失业者、高学历、身体活动水平较低以及超重者中,有必要采取措施来减少基于屏幕久坐不动的行为。     

Expansion of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in hospitalized patients: A successful story of international clones (ST15, ST147, ST336) and epidemic plasmids (IncR,IncFIIK)

The aim of this study was to characterize by a multi-level approach extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates other than E. coli from Portuguese hospitals. Eighty-eight ESBL-producing clinical isolates (69 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 13 Enterobacter cloacae complex, 3 Klebsiella oxytoca, 1 Enterobacter asburiae, 1 Proteus mirabilis and 1 Serratia marcescens) recovered from hospitals located in the North (A) or Centre (B, C) regions during two time periods (2006–7 and 2010) were analyzed. Standard methods were used for bacterial identification, antibiotic susceptibility testing, ESBL characterization, clonal (PFGE, MLST) and plasmid (S1-PFGE, I-CeuI-PFGE, replicon typing, hybridization) analysis. Isolates produced mostly CTX-M-15 (47%) or SHV-12 (30%), and less frequently other SHV- (15%; SHV-2, -5, -28, -55, -106) or TEM- (9%; TEM-10, -24, -199)-types, with marked local and temporal variations. The increase of CTX-M-15 and diverse SHV ESBL-types observed in Hospital A was associated with the amplification of multidrug-resistant (MDR) K. pneumoniae epidemic clones (ST15, ST147, ST336). SHV-12 and TEM-type ESBLs were mostly identified in diverse isolates of different Enterobacteriaceae species in Hospitals B and C in 2006–7. Particular plasmid types were linked to bla_CTX-M-15 (IncR or non-typeable plasmids), bla_SHV-12 (IncR or IncHI2), bla_{SHV-28/-55/-106} (IncFII_K1 or IncFII_K5), bla_TEM-10 (IncL/M) or bla_TEM-24 (IncA/C), mostly in epidemic clones. In our country, the amplification of CTX-M-15 and diverse SHV-type ESBL among non-E. coli Enterobacteriaceae is linked to international MDR K. pneumoniae clones (ST15, ST147, ST336) and plasmid types (IncR, IncFII_K). Furthermore, we highlight the potential of IncFII_K plasmids (here firstly associated with bla_{SHV-2/-28/-55/-106}) to disseminate as antibiotic resistance plasmids.     

多层次执行功能训练对改善脑出血患者认知功能及运动功能的影响

目的 探讨多层次执行功能训练对改善脑出血患者认知功能及运动功能的影响。 方法 选取2018年1-12月我院神经内科收治的脑出血患者86例,根据随机数字表法将患者分为观察组(n=43)及对照组(n=43),对照组行神经内科常规性训练,观察组在对照组基础上辅以多层次执行功能训练,包括中枢执行功能训练、定势转换训练、工作记忆训练等,分别于训练前、训练6周后采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal cognitive assessment scale,MoCA)、简易智力状态检查量表(mini-mental state examination scale, MMSE)、Barthel指数、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分(Fugl-Meyer motor function score,FMA)及世界卫生组织生活质量评定量表(world health organization quality of life rating scale, WHO-QOL-100)对2组认知功能、运动功能及生活质量进行评价。 结果 干预后,观察组MoCA评分、MMSE评分、Barthel指数、FMA评分均高于对照组(t=6.236,P<0.001; t=4.727,P<0.001; t=12.084,P<0.001; t=7.750,P<0.001)。观察组生理维度、心理维度、社会关系维度、独立性维度、环境维度、精神维度评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。 结论 多层次执行功能综合训练能有效提高脑出血患者认知功能及运动功能,从而改善患者生活质量。     

Factors influencing whether children walk to school

Few studies have simultaneously evaluated multiple levels of influence on whether children walk to school. A large cohort of 4338 subjects from 10 communities was used to identify the determinants of walking through (1) a one-level logistic regression model for individual-level variables and (2) a two-level mixed regression model for individual and school-level variables. Walking rates were positively associated with home-to-school proximity, greater age, and living in neighborhoods characterized by lower traffic density. Greater land use mix around the home was, however, associated with lower rates of walking. Rates of walking to school were also higher amongst recipients of the Free and Reduced Price Meals Program and attendees of schools with higher percentage of English language learners. Designing schools in the same neighborhood as residential districts should be an essential urban planning strategy to reduce walking distance to school. Policy interventions are needed to encourage children from higher socioeconomic status families to participate in active travel to school and to develop walking infrastructures and other measures that protect disadvantaged children.     

A Multi-Level Analysis Examining how Smoking Friends, Parents, and Older Students in the School Environment are Risk Factors for Susceptibility to Smoking Among Non-Smoking Elementary School Youth

The purpose of this study was to examine how social models for smoking are related to smoking susceptibility among a sample of non-smoking elementary school students. The Tobacco Module of the School Health Action, Planning and Evaluation System (SHAPES) was administered to 6,431 students (grades 6 to 8) in 57 elementary schools in the province of Ontario, Canada. Multi-level logistic regression analysis was used to examine how smoking friends, parents, and the prevalence of smoking among grade 8 students at a school were related to smoking susceptibility among the 2,478 non-smoking grade 6 and 7 students. Findings indicate that non-smoking grade 6 and 7 students are more likely to be susceptible to smoking if they have (a) smoking friends, (b) a mother who smokes, or (c) two or more close friends who smoke and attend a school with a relatively high smoking rate among the grade 8 students. Sub-populations of non-smoking youth may be at increased risk for smoking because of the elementary school they attend. Future school-based smoking prevention programs might benefit from targeting prevention programming activities to the schools that are putting students at the greatest risk for smoking.     

天津市构建多层次城镇职工医疗保障体系的实践探讨

加快医疗保险制度改革,保障城镇职工基本医疗,是建立社会主义市场经济体制的客观要求和重要保障。天津市在健全城镇职工基本医疗保险制度的过程中,构建了多层次的城镇职工医疗保障体系,取得了良好的效果。     

Disaggregating Canadian immigrant smoking behaviour by country of birth

As of the 2006 census, nearly one fifth of Canada's population was foreign-born. With such a sizeable and fast-growing immigrant population, research in immigrant health in Canada is increasingly important, including research on the smoking behaviours of Canada's immigrants. Research has shown that immigrants are significantly less likely to smoke than non-immigrants, yet differences by immigrant origins have yet to be fully explored. This paper explores smoking prevalence and cessation amongst immigrants in Canada disaggregated by country of birth. Additionally, it examines the impact of neighbourhood level effects on smoking cessation to determine if residential location has an impact on the likelihood of quitting. Results reveal important heterogeneities previously unseen in studies employing aggregate data. While immigrants in general were less likely to smoke than non-immigrants, and are also more likely to quit than non-immigrants, considerable variation exists between immigrant groups defined by origin region or country. Asian immigrants were the least likely to smoke but exhibited the greatest variation between countries of origin. Vietnamese men were found to be the most likely immigrant group to smoke and among the least likely to quit. While neighbourhood disadvantage was negatively associated with quitting smoking, it is not as important as individual socioeconomic characteristics in explaining variations in smoking cessation. The research illustrates the need for disaggregated data to account for the diversity of Canada's immigrant population.     

机能实验学设计性实验分层次教学的实践与思考

由于学生人数众多、教学资源和教师数量不足等因素的限制,使设计性实验教学在机能实验学中难以有效开展。为此,探讨设计性实验的分层次教学,通过夯实科研基础以及三层次教学内容由易至难的逐层递进,学生的教学中心地位不断提高,其知识面亦由书本拓展至学科研究前沿,其创新意识不断增强。问卷调查显示,90%的学生对当前教学表示满意,并认为其自主学习能力等有所增强。总结实践经验可见,教学时间的合理安排及教学过程的监督与管理是保证分层次设计性实验教学有效开展的关键因素。