PS联合CPAP治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征临床研究

目的通过研究肺表面活性物质(PS)结合持续气道正压通气(CPAP)治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)的治疗效果,进一步指导NRDS的临床治疗。方法选取于2017年4月-2018年10月间在本院收治的80例确诊为新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的患儿作为研究对象,随机将患儿分为试验组和对照组,对照组给予持续气道正压通气治疗,试验组在对照组的基础上联合使用PS治疗。结果试验组对于呼吸窘迫缓解的有效率明显高于对照组,在气管插管内滴入PS治疗后试验组的血气情况明显优于对照组,且试验组患儿副作用发生率明显低于对照组,以上指标差异具有统计学意义,P <0.05。结论 PS结合CPAP在新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的治疗中疗效很好。     

持续正压通气辅助治疗高血压并发睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的临床研究

目的探讨持续正压通气辅助治疗高血压并发睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（SAS）对血压的影响。方法41例高血压并发睡眠呼吸暂停综合征病人,随机分为常规组（21例）和持续正压通气治疗组（20例）均给予常规降压药物治疗4周,治疗在常规治疗基础上加用气道持续正压通气治疗,观察两组治疗前后24 h血压变化。结果治疗组治疗后24 h平均收缩压、舒张压进一步降低,夜间收缩压及舒张压则显著降低（P〈0.01）。结论高血压并发睡眠呼吸暂停综合征病人,在常规应用降压药物同时应用持续正压通气辅助治疗血压下降更理想。     

Methods of leaks detection under therapy with continuous positive airway pressure

To assess the performance of continuous positive airway pressure devices in treatment of sleep breathing disorders during polysomnographic studies, analysis are based essentially on the patient airflow signal measured by a pneumotachograph and the mask pressure. These signals used either by the softwares or the physicians provide powerful information on respiratory events occurring during the night. However, sometimes signals are artifacted by airflow leaks at the mask or the mouth. These artifacts are causes of information loss and then of possible wrong interpretations. We studied the relationship between airflow and mask pressure at the occurrence of leaks. We used analogy with electrical models and Kirchoff laws to estimate mask leaks and to detect mouth breathing. A Starling model connected to a flow generator simulated respiratory movements. A positive pressure was maintained in the model and artificial leaks comparable to mask leaks were provoked. Then, we replaced the Starling model and the flow generator by two healthy volunteers. We computed mask leaks in both conditions and found no contradiction between the simulated model and the subjects. Equations of the analog circuit were helpful to assess mask leaks and to detect mouth breathing. Such equations could be included in polysomnographs or in pressure generator algorithms either for detecting leaks or adjusting airway pressure.     

过渡性气道内正压通气治疗睡眠呼吸暂停综合征

目的 观察睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAS）患者应用经鼻气道正压通气（nCPAP)治疗的依从性。方法 25例OSAS患者和8例肥胖性低通气综合征（OHS）患者,在多导睡眠监测仪（PSG）监测下使用nCPAP治疗,对治疗开始不能耐受或治疗失败者,改用经鼻双水平正压通气（nBiPAP)。经1周或1个月治疗后,逐渐过渡到nCPAP。结果 （1）OHS组有较高的BMI、PaCO2,较低的FEV1、FEV1／FVC、PaO2与OSAS组比有明显差异性,P＜0．01,但两组AHI差异不明显。（2）33例患者均用nCPAP治疗,24例成功,9例（2例OSAS和7例OHS）失败改用nBiPAP治疗。两种方法治疗前后各指标比较有显著性差异（P＜0．01,P＜0．01）,组间无差异。9例治疗失败改用nBiPAP治疗后再过渡到nCPAP治疗的各项指标比较无显著性差异（P＞0．05,P＞0．05）。结论 nCPAP是治疗OSAS的一种有效方法,如果睡眠呼吸障碍并存在低通气或严重的高碳酸血症时,nBiPAP治疗可能是一种有效并易耐受的过渡方法,患者依从性良好。     

正压通气治疗对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征是心律失常的作用

目的：探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（ＯＳＡＳ）患病情严重程度与夜间心律失常的关系,以及经鼻持续气道内正压（ｎ－ＣＰＡＰ）通气治疗对心律失常的作用。方法：１０１例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患按呼吸紊乱指数分轻、中、重三组,观察夜间平均心率变化、最大心率变化、最慢心率、最快心率及心律失常累计时间,比较组间差异性,并对１６例患进行了ｎ－ＣＰＡＰ治疗前后各项参数的比较。结果：夜间心率变化和夜间心律失常     

Effects of conventional physiotherapy, continuous positive airway pressure and non-invasive ventilatory support with bilevel positive airway pressure after coronary artery bypass grafting

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery with the use of mammary arteries is associated with severe alteration of lung function parameters. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect on lung function tests of conventional physiotherapy using incentive spirometry (IS) with non-invasive ventilation on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and with non-invasive ventilation on bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP or NIV-2P), METHODS: Ninety-six patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: NIV-2P (1 h/3 h), CPAP (1 h/3 h) and IS (20/2 h). Pulmonary function tests and arterial blood gases analyses were obtained before surgery. On the 1st and 2nd postoperative days, these parameters were collected together with cardiac output and calculation of venous admixture. RESULTS: For the 3 groups a severe restrictive pulmonary defect was observed during the 1st postoperative day. On the 2nd postoperative day, in opposition to IS, intensive use of CPAP and NIV-2P reduced significantly the venous admixture (P<0.001) and improved VC, FEV1 and PaO2 (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: We conclude that preventive use of NIV can be considered as an effective means to decrease the negative effect of coronary surgery on pulmonary function.     

CPAP对小儿重症肺炎的疗效分析

目的：探讨小儿重症肺炎采用CPAP治疗的临床效果。方法本次共选择80例重症肺炎患儿做研究对象，均为我院2012年8月~2013年8月收治，采用数字表抽取法随机分组，就儿内科常规治疗方案（对照组，n=40）与加用CPAP治疗（观察组，n=40）临床效果进行比较。结果观察组选取病例经统计示临床总有效率为95%，显著高于对照组75%，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。观察组气促、胸骨凹陷、发绀、肺部啰音缓解、平均住院天数均少于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。两组疗前PaO2无明显差异，疗后PaO2均明显升高，观察组高于对照组升高幅度（P＜0.05）。结论小儿重症肺炎采用CPAP治疗，可显著改善预后，消除临床症状，加快患儿康复进程，具有非常积极的应用价值。     

Application of continuous positive airway pressure in the delivery room: a multicenter randomized clinical trial

This study evaluated whether the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in the delivery room alters the need for mechanical ventilation and surfactant during the first 5 days of life and modifies the incidence of respiratory morbidity and mortality during the hospital stay. The study was a multicenter randomized clinical trial conducted in five public university hospitals in Brazil, from June 2008 to December 2009. Participants were 197 infants with birth weight of 1000-1500 g and without major birth defects. They were treated according to the guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics (APP). Infants not intubated or extubated less than 15 min after birth were randomized for two treatments, routine or CPAP, and were followed until hospital discharge. The routine (n=99) and CPAP (n=98) infants studied presented no statistically significant differences regarding birth characteristics, complications during the prenatal period, the need for mechanical ventilation during the first 5 days of life (19.2 vs 23.4%, P=0.50), use of surfactant (18.2 vs 17.3% P=0.92), or respiratory morbidity and mortality until discharge. The CPAP group required a greater number of doses of surfactant (1.5 vs 1.0, P=0.02). When CPAP was applied to the routine group, it was installed within a median time of 30 min. We found that CPAP applied less than 15 min after birth was not able to reduce the need for ventilator support and was associated with a higher number of doses of surfactant when compared to CPAP applied as clinically indicated within a median time of 30 min.     

Transition from fetus to neonate

This article provides an overview of the key physiological changes that take place as the fetus transitions to neonatal life. It provides and an overview of fetal transition with a focus on respiratory and cardiovascular changes.