真武汤合苓桂术甘汤改善心肾综合征大鼠模型水钠潴留的作用机制研究

[目的]研究真武汤合苓桂术甘汤对心肾综合征大鼠模型水钠潴留的作用机制。[方法]将60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为两组,即空白组与手术组,空白组大鼠常规饲养,手术组大鼠经5/6肾切除联合异丙肾上腺素皮下注射制备心肾综合征模型,剔除死亡大鼠后,将手术组剩余成模大鼠按体质量分层随机分为空白组、中药组、常规治疗组。中药组给予真武汤合苓桂术甘汤灌胃,给药量为7.29 g生药/(kg·d);常规治疗组给予贝那普利(0.45 mg/kg)+呋塞米(1.8m g/kg);空白组予以等容积生理盐水灌胃,每日1次,连续6周。观察实验过程中各组大鼠的精神状态、活动情况、灵敏度、毛发情况、食欲、大小便等一般情况及死亡情况,比较各组灌胃前、灌胃6周后的血清脑钠肽(BNP)、血肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、尿水通道蛋白2(AQP2)的前后差值情况。[结果]灌胃6周后,中药组大鼠一般情况较灌胃前改善、喘息不明显,常规治疗组一般情况同样较灌胃前改善。通过比较治疗前后各组大鼠实验室指标差值发现,中药组与常规治疗组BNP均下降,中药改善大鼠心力衰竭情况接近常规治疗组水平,两组下降水平无统计学差异(P0.05);中药组Scr水平较前下降,常规治疗组Scr水平升高;中药组尿AQP2水平较前略增高,与空白组尿AQP2水平无统计学差异(P0.05),常规治疗组尿AQP2水平较前明显升高。[结论]心肾综合征大鼠尿AQP2的表达主要由肾脏调控,AQP2可作为心肾综合征水钠潴留状态的参考指标,真武汤合苓桂术甘汤改善心肾综合征大鼠水钠潴留状态的作用机制可能是通过抑制大鼠肾脏AQP2过度表达,减少水的重吸收,改善了水钠潴留状态。     

心脑苏提取物对异丙肾上腺素诱导大鼠心肌缺血的保护作用及机制

目的:研究心脑苏提取物对大鼠心肌缺血的治疗作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法:SD大鼠,按体重随机分为6组,即正常组,模型组,阳性对照0.135 g·kg~(-1)组(麝香保心丸组0.135 g·kg~(-1)),心脑苏提取物高、中、低剂量组(0.055,0.276,1.38 g·kg~(-1)),各组n≥10。异丙肾上腺素(isoproterenol,ISO)尾静脉注射建立大鼠心肌缺血模型。造模第2天开始ig给予心脑苏提取物剂量(0.055,0.276,1.38 g·kg~(-1)),连续给药14 d,大鼠腹主动脉取血,测定血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH),肌酸激酶(CK),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),丙二醛(MDA)的含量。取心脏进行苏木素和伊红(HE)染色,光镜观察其组织形态学变化。通过CD34单克隆抗体进行免疫组化技术标记心脏微血管内皮细胞,计算微血管密度(MVD)。结果:与正常组比较,模型组大鼠血清中CK,LDH酶活力及MDA含量显著升高,SOD活力显著降低(P0.01);与模型组比较,心脑苏提取物中、高剂量组显著降低大鼠血清中CK,LDH酶活力及MDA含量(P0.01),SOD活性显著增加(P0.01),内皮血管数及MVD显著增加(P0.01)。结论:心脑苏提取物能明显改善大鼠心肌缺血损伤,其机制可能为减轻氧化损伤、促进微血管再生。     

裙带菜多糖保护异丙肾上腺素诱导的心脏纤维化研究

目的：探讨裙带菜多糖在异丙肾上腺素（ISO）诱导的心脏纤维化中的作用。方法将40只C57BL／6J小鼠随机分为对照组、ISO组、ISO＋裙带菜多糖组、裙带菜多糖组。ISO组连续皮下注射ISO 14 d（前3 d 10 mg·kg－1·d－1,后11 d 5 mg· kg－1·d－1）,ISO＋裙带菜多糖组除做上述ISO处理外,ISO处理前7 d开始给予裙带菜多糖200 mg·kg－1·d－1灌胃,持续到ISO皮下注射第14天;裙带菜多糖组连续21 d裙带菜多糖200 mg·kg－1·d－1灌胃;对照组以生理盐水代替ISO皮下注射。心脏超声检测各组小鼠心功能的改变,病理染色检测心脏纤维化程度,实时定量PCR检测转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）、Ⅰ型胶原α（CollagenⅠα）和Ⅲ型胶原（CollagenⅢ）的mRNA表达量的变化,Western Blot检测各组小鼠心脏自噬的改变。结果裙带菜多糖明显改善心功能,减少ISO诱导的心脏纤维化程度,心脏胶原蛋白CollagenⅠα和CollagenⅢ的mRNA表达量比ISO组显著降低（P＜0．05）,且裙带菜多糖能减少ISO诱导的心脏自噬。结论裙带菜能减轻ISO诱导的心脏纤维化,其主要是通过降低ISO诱导的心脏自噬而发挥作用的。     

Pathophysiologic significance of left ventricular hypertrophy in dilated cardiomyopathy

Background and hypothesis: Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) have been found to have a better prognosis than patients without LVH. However, the pathophysiologic mechanism for that has not been investigated. We sought to clarify the pathophysiologic significance of LVH in DCM. Methods: We performed isoproterenol infusion echocar-diography (0.02 m?g/kg/min) in 17 patients with DCM, and measured plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels at rest and at the end of ergometer exercise in 14 of the 17 patients. Patients were classified into groups according to the presence (9 patients) (LVH+) or absence (8 patients) (LVH-) of LVH. Left ventricular hypertrophy was defined as an inter-ventricular thickness or posterior wall thickness ≥13 mm. Results: Although there was no significant difference between groups in fractional shortening at rest during isoproterenol infusion, fractional shortening was significantly higher in the LVH (+) group than in the LVH (-) group (29 ± 9 vs. 17 ± 8%;p<0.025). Although there was no significant difference in plasma norepinephrine level, it was significantly lower in the LVH (+) group than in the LVH (-) group (233 ± 169 vs. 519 ± 258 pg/ml;p<0.05) at the end point of the exercise. Conclusion: Systolic reserve, represented by the response to isoproterenol, is greater in patients with DCM with LVH than in those without LVH, and a lower plasma level of norepinephrine is needed to activate the myocardium during ex ercise in patients with DCM with LVH. This pathophysiologic characteristic could be one of the mechanisms which explain a better prognosis in patients with DCM with LVH.     

Types of Adrenoreceptors Mediating Responses of Rabbit Gastric Muscularis Mucosae

This study investigated adrenoreceptor-mediated responses of muscularis mucosae from the fundic and antral ends of the rabbit gastric corpus. Norepinephrine-induced fundic muscularis mucosae contractions were enhanced by propranolol and converted to relaxations by phentolamine. Methoxamine, but not clonidine, elicited large fundic contractions. Fundic muscle responded to low isoproterenol concentrations with atenolol- and butoxamine-resistant relaxations, and to high concentrations with atenolol-sensitive contractions. Norepinephrine evoked propranolol-resistant relaxations of antral muscularis mucosae that were enhanced by phentolamine. Methoxamine and clonidine elicited small antral contractions. Lower concentrations of isoproterenol caused atenolol-resistant antral relaxations that were enhanced by butoxamine; higher concentrations produced weak excitation. Fundic and antral relaxations to isoproterenol were abolished by cyanopindolol. Fundic muscularis mucosae possesses excitatory ₁-, ₁- and inhibitory ₃-adrenoreceptors. Excitatory ₂- and inhibitory ₃-adrenoreceptors predominate in the antral region. The heterogeneous adrenoreceptor-mediated responses of the gastric muscularis mucosae suggest that adrenergic modulation of its motor activity is unlikely to be linked to acid secretion.     

Divergent effects of methylxanthines and adenylate cyclase agonists on monocyte cytotoxicity and cyclic AMP levels

The effects of theophylline, isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX), prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), and isoproterenol on monocyte antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) were compared with their effects on monocyte cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) levels. Theophylline (2 mmol/l) halved ADCC and gave a 2-fold increase in cAMP levels. At concentrations not elevating cAMP theophylline inhibited ADCC significantly. In comparison, incubation of monocytes with IBMX, PGE1 and isoproterenol ADCC was only modestly inhibited while these agents gave larger increments (3- to 8-fold) in cAMP levels than theophylline did. Low concentrations of IBMX (50 mumol/l) elevated cAMP without affecting monocyte ADCC whereas PGE1 and isoproterenol inhibited ADCC dose-dependently comparable to increases in cAMP. However, in doses giving similar inhibition of ADCC addition of PGE1 resulted in larger cAMP increments than isoproterenol. The effects of IBMX, PGE1 and isoproterenol was dependent on target cell to effector cell ratio and increased during preincubation with the agents. The inhibition of ADCC by the agents was accompanied by a depressed monocyte lysozyme release and depressed activation of hexose monophosphate shunt. However, only theophylline affected monocyte attachment to sensitized target cells. These results argue against the general inverse relationship between cAMP content and inhibition of monocyte ADCC and demonstrate that theophylline independent on increases in cAMP inhibits ADCC probably by abrogation of monocyte binding activity.     

Effect of Enalapril Treatment on the Heart of Normal Rats

Previous experiments showed that enalapril (EN) treatment as well as enalaprilic acid, when added to the perfusion bath, diminish the inotropic response of the papillary muscles to isoproterenol (ISO). The main objective of this study was to evaluate, in normal rats, the effect of EN on basal contractility and inotropic response to ISO on the whole perfused ventricles (Langendorff preparation). Blood pressure (BP), increase in body weight (IBW), ventricular weight/body weight ratio (R) and concentration of ventricular proteins and DNA were also analyzed. Five groups were studied: EN10: 5 mg/kg/day, 10 days; EN21(L): 5mg/kg/day, 21 days; EN21(H): 15 mg/kg/day, 21 days. C10 and C21 were untreated controls. Cardiac contractility was evaluated by the maximal developed pressure, maximal rate of rise of pressure and maximal velocity of relaxation; no changes were found due to EN treatments either on basal conditions or on ISO stimulation. Significant differences (p<0.05 vs C21) were: lower BP and R in EN21(L) and EN21(H), slower IBW in EN21(H), decreased ventricular DNA in EN21(H). In conclusion, daily treatment for ten or twenty one days with enalapril does not change either basal cardiac contractile performance or inotropic response to ISO in the Langendorff preparation. Longterm treatment with EN seems to modify nuclear processes involved in cardiomyocite DNA content     

葛根素对儿茶酚胺诱导大鼠心肌损伤时凋亡相关蛋白的影响

目的 :探讨在儿茶酚胺诱导的心肌损伤过程中 ,心肌细胞的凋亡相关基因 Fas和 Bcl 2的蛋白表达改变及葛根素干预的影响。方法 :5 0只健康雄性 SD大鼠随机分成 3组 :心肌损伤组 (2 0只 )、葛根素干预组 (2 0只 )和对照组 (10只 )。动物模型仿用异丙肾上腺素 (ISO)皮下注射致心肌损伤方法。心肌组织切片分别行 HE及 Fas和 Bcl 2蛋白表达的免疫组织化学染色检测。结果 :心肌损伤组 :Fas蛋白和 Bcl 2蛋白的表达等级均上调 (P均 <0 .0 0 1) ,Fas蛋白的表达水平更高 (P<0 .0 0 1)。葛根素干预组 :心肌组织的 HE病理损害等级明显减轻 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;Fas蛋白表达等级下调 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :在儿茶酚胺诱导的心肌损伤过程中 ,Fas和 Bcl 2的蛋白表达水平表现出高水平的差异 ,葛根素能抑制损伤过程中 Fas蛋白的表达。     

Time course and predictors of autonomic dysfunction after ablation of the slow atrioventricular nodal pathway

Withdrawal of parasympathetic tone has been reported after ablation in the posteroseptal right atrium and has been attributed to injury of vagal efferent fibers. The purpose of this study was to assess the time course and predictors of autonomic dysfunction after slow pathway ablation. In 30 patients with AV nodal reentrant tachycardia, time- and frequency-domain measures of heart rate variability (HRV) were measured before, 30 minutes after, and 1 day after slow pathway ablation. There were significant reductions in mean RR interval (724 +/- 163 vs 836 +/- 164 ms, P < 0.05), SD of RR intervals (29 +/- 17 vs 40 +/- 18 ms, P < 0.05), root mean squared difference (15 +/- 8 vs 29 +/- 17 ms, P < 0.05), and high frequency power (4.1 +/- 0.4 vs 4.5 +/- 0.6 log10ms2, P < 0.05) 30 minutes after ablation. However, these parameters returned to baseline 1 day after ablation. Multivariate regression identified isoproterenol dose during the diagnostic study (P = 0.02) and radiofrequency duration (P = 0.02) as statistically significant predictors of heart rate change (R2= 0.45). These findings suggest that changes in autonomic tone after ablation in the posteroseptal right atrium are transitory and resolve within 1 day of the procedure. These short-term changes may be related to procedural variables rather than direct injury to vagal efferent fibers.     

心肌自噬在异丙肾上腺素诱导心肌肥厚中的作用

目的 探讨心肌自噬在异丙肾上腺素（ISO）诱导大鼠心肌肥厚中的作用。方法 将 29只大鼠随机分为 3组：皮下联合腹腔注射生理盐水（Con）组 9只、腹腔注射生理盐水联合皮下注射异丙肾上腺（ISO）组 10只、腹腔注射雷帕霉素（RAP）联合皮下注射 ISO（ISO+RAP）组 10 只。连续干预 14 d 后,将 Con 组和 ISO 组存活大鼠（Con,n=9;ISO,n=8）行心脏超声检查左室壁厚度及左室射血分数（LVEF）,再将各组大鼠腹腔注射过量的 10%水合氯醛处死,摘除心脏,计算心脏体质量指数（HWI）。心肌组织病理切片行 HE染色和 Masson染色,Western blot检测 p62表达和LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ比值,透射电镜观察心肌组织自噬泡数量。结果 与 Con组比较,ISO组左室壁厚度和 LVEF明显增加（P＜0.01）。与 Con组比较,ISO组和 ISO+RAP组的 HWI增大（P＜0.01）,且 ISO+RAP组的 HWI小于 ISO组（P＜0.01）。与Con组比较,ISO组心肌病理切片显示心肌组织病理性肥厚改变明显;而与 ISO组比较,ISO+RAP组心肌组织病理性肥厚明显改善。与 Con 组比较,ISO 组心肌组织 LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ比值下调,而 p62 表达上调,自噬泡数量明显减少（P＜0.05）;与 ISO组比较,ISO+RAP组心肌组织 LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ比值上调,而 p62表达下调,自噬泡数量明显增多（P＜0.01）。结论 上调心肌自噬活性可以逆转 ISO诱导的病理性心肌肥厚。