Misdiagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: ‘Normal behaviour’ and relative maturity

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequently diagnosed disorders in children, yet it remains poorly understood. Substantial controversy exists regarding correct diagnosis of ADHD, and areas of subjectivity in diagnosis have been identified. Concerns for appropriate diagnosis are critical in terms of children’s educational outcomes, as well as health concerns associated with the use and potential overuse of stimulant medications. There exists a relative-age effect in which children who are relatively younger than their peers and born closest to the school start age cut-off are more frequently diagnosed and treated for ADHD. Additionally, substantial variation exists in ADHD diagnosis between boys and girls, with boys often presenting with more stereotypical symptoms. Both the relative-age effect and variation in sex diagnosis, as well as the challenges of early preschool diagnosis, emphasize the importance of considering relative maturity in ADHD diagnosis of children. Implications and knowledge translation strategies for practitioners, parents and the education system are presented.     

Revisiting a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis – Uncertainties and considerations

There is now increased knowledge and experience of newborn screening around the world. There is also a better understanding of CF gene analysis, informed by international databases. This has resulted in a small number of children and adults having their diagnosis of CF reversed. This article illustrates this issue with three cases. It considers how best to tell children and adults with their families, and the reactions that may be encountered. It also discusses practical issues of removing the diagnosis.     

Rare case of external dental fistula of the submental region misdiagnosed as inverted follicular keratosis and thyroglossal duct cyst

IntroductionOdontogenic cutaneous sinus tract is a relatively rare occurrence that can be complicated to diagnose. The presence of a cutaneous lesion is often not even partly associated with a dental etiology because of the less frequency of occurrence in the case of dental symptoms. Consequently, the underlying dental cause is often missed leading to inappropriate diagnosis and treatment.Case presentationHere, we report the case of a 45-year-old man who presented with a persistent lesion of the cervical region. At the time of presentation, the lesion had been present for approximately one year with a gradual increase in size but no specific symptoms. The patient had previously undergone punch resection under local anesthesia, which resulted in a histopathological diagnosis of inverted follicular keratosis. A diagnosis was made of an odontogenic cutaneous sinus tract secondary to chronic apical periodontitis of the left mandibular second molar.DiscussionCutaneous sinus tract in the face and neck is most likely to develop intraorally. Root canal treatment or surgical extractions are the common treatment choices. A previously reported review of 137 cases found that 106 (77%) were treated by extraction and 27 (20%) were treated by surgical or conservative nonsurgical endodontic therapy.ConclusionEarly diagnosis of cutaneous sinus tract using proper aid is responsible for shortening the treatment duration and avoiding unnecessary treatment.     

5种检查方法在颈部舌下腺囊肿诊断中的评价

目的 :评价 5种检查方法在诊断颈部舌下腺囊肿中的作用。方法 :检查方法包括手法检查、B超、穿刺、淀粉酶检查、囊腔造影 +CT。以术中确定囊腔与舌下腺相连为最终诊断。记录每种检查方法误诊、误导发生率 ,客观评价各种检查的优缺点。结果 :突入颈部的舌下腺囊肿确诊率为 5 8.3% ,误诊率为 4 1.7%。在各项检查中 ,囊腔造影 +CT误诊率为 0 ,手法检查误诊率为 2 5 % ,B超占 2 0 % ,检查手段不全占 18.8% ,淀粉酶假阳性占 16 .7%。经 χ2 检验各检查的误诊率有显著性差异 (χ2 =19.36 ,γ =8,P <0 .0 5 )。不同检查结果的汇集会影响误诊率。结论 :在各单项检查中 ,囊腔造影 +CT误诊率最低 ,其它各项均有 2 5 % 16 .7%的误诊率 ,优选诊断步骤是手法检查→穿刺→造影 +CT。     

胃底疾病误诊为左肾上腺疾病的二例报告并文献复习

目的分析我科近年来误将胃底疾病诊断为左肾上腺疾病的2例患者的临床资料和影像学资料,结合文献报道分析误诊原因,降低误诊率,提高诊断准确性。 方法通过分析我科将1例胃底憩室误诊为左肾上腺囊肿和1例胃间质瘤误诊为左肾上腺肿瘤患者的临床资料特别是影像学资料进行回顾性分析,并结合文献报道分析疾病的特点。 结果误诊为左肾上腺囊肿和肿瘤的胃底憩室和胃间质瘤患者临床表现无特异性,特别是实体肿瘤的患者合并高血压病,易引起误诊;术前应特别重视患者的影像学资料,影像学资料可提供重要参考信息。 结论胃底疾病如胃憩室、胃间质瘤等虽发病率较低,临床表现不典型,诊断左侧肾上腺占位病变时当影像学读片发现肿瘤位置偏高,与胃壁粘连等,应高度怀疑胃底疾病,应该进一步行胃镜和上消化道造影等检查,对术前怀疑为胃底疾病的肾上腺区占位,经腹腔行腹腔镜手术能够从容处理胃底疾病,避免后腹膜途径术中需改变手术体位和路径。     

下颌骨升支骨结核一例

颌骨结核作为肺外结核的少见病近年呈增多趋势,其发病形式、临床表现也有了较大的变化,容易被误诊为炎症或良恶性肿瘤。本文就近期收治的1例发生于下颌升支骨结核的临床表征、病理表现及相关实验室特点作一阐述,并通过文献复习,分析颌骨结核的临床特征,以期引起重视,提高对疾病的认识。     

临床罕见的胰腺实性假乳头状瘤误诊原因分析

目的:分析胰腺实性假乳头状瘤(SPT)的误诊原因,总结SPT的诊断经验。方法:收集2000年2月～2007年3月间解放军总医院收治9例SPT临床资料,并进行回顾分析误诊原因。结果:9例均为女性,平均26岁。首诊临床表现为腹部肿物4例,腹痛1例,无任何临床症状4例。血清肿瘤标志物检查均正常。影像学检查均提示胰腺或腹腔内边界清楚的实性或囊实性占位。1例行超声引导下肿瘤活组织检查,3例行术中快速冰冻病理检查。影像学检查、术前穿刺及术中冰冻病理检查均出现误诊,9例经术后病理确诊SPT。结论:SPT临床症状不典型,实验室及影像学检查均无特异性,病理学特点不被医师所熟悉,临床易误诊。熟悉SPT的临床特点和影像学特征,提高病理确诊率,是避免误诊的关键。     

不良道德因素对临床思维的影响

临床思维是影响临床诊断的一个重要主观因素。临床思维的正确与否，虽然受各种主客观条件的制约，但道德因素对临床思难的影响是不可忽视的。不良道德因素可导致临床思维的表浅化、狭窄化及惰性化三方面的错误与偏差。因此，在加强临床思维方法训练的同时，更应注重自身道德素质的培养。