极低/超低出生体重儿甲状腺功能减退的临床分析

目的 分析极低/超低出生体重（VLBW/ELBW）患儿甲状腺功能减退的危险因素和治疗情况。方法 选择2018年9月至2019年12月诊断为甲状腺功能减退的VLBW/ELBW患儿为病例组（n=29），按照1：3比例匹配甲状腺功能正常的VLBW/ELBW患儿作为对照组（n=87），比较两组患儿的临床特征，分析甲状腺功能与出生胎龄、出生体重的相关性及甲状腺功能减退的危险因素。结果 符合纳入标准的VLBW/ELBW患儿共162例，其中病例组29例，甲状腺功能减退发生率为17.9%。出生体重越低，甲状腺功能减退发生率越高（P < 0.05）；三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）与出生胎龄呈正相关（P < 0.05），T3、游离甲状腺素（FT4）与出生体重呈正相关（P < 0.05）。小于胎龄儿、多胎、孕母≥35岁、使用多巴胺是发生甲状腺功能减退的独立危险因素（P < 0.05）。病例组中16例患儿给予左旋甲状腺素（每日5~10 μg/kg）治疗，甲状腺功能在治疗2周后恢复正常。结论 VLBW/ELBW患儿甲状腺功能减退的发生率较高，小于胎龄儿、多胎、孕母高龄、应用多巴胺是其发生甲状腺功能减退的危险因素，应用左旋甲状腺素治疗的患儿需定期随访，以保证用药剂量适宜。     

Ultrastructural identification of oligodendrocyte/myelin proteins in corpus callosum of hypothyroid animals

Thyroid hormone (T3) deficiency impairs the development of the CNS, particularly myelination. We have previously described an increase in the frequency of morphological abnormalities in the central myelin sheath in a hypothyroidism model, which reinforced the hypothesis of a role for T3 in myelin compaction. However, there are no data concerning the cellular distribution of myelin proteins in hypothyroid animals. In the present work, we describe the distribution of 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (CNPase), myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP) throughout the central myelin sheath of a hypothyroidism model. We used euthyroid and hypothyroid adult rats at 90 days of age. In order to induce hypothyroid status, animals received 0.02% methimazol from the 19th gestation day onwards. After perfusion with a fixative mixture, small pieces of corpus callosum were obtained, dehydrated and embedded in LR White resin. Ultrathin sections were immunoreacted, using specific antibodies revealed by a secondary antibody coupled to colloidal gold particles of 10 nm. Gold particle density per region of myelin sheath for each one of these proteins was obtained. In normal animals, CNPase, PLP and MBP were identified in sites that had already been described in previous studies. In hypothyroid animals, CNPase was identified in the region corresponding to compact lamellae, which normally does not contain this protein, while, in this same region, PLP and MBP immunolabeling were decreased. These results suggest that thyroid hormone deficiency impairs the distribution of the major oligodendrocyte/myelin markers. This effect may justify the reduction in myelin sheath compaction previously demonstrated in a similar model of hypothyroidism.     

先天愚型与甲状腺功能减低关系的研究进展

简要介绍国内外有关先天愚型患者甲状腺功能减低的发生率、发病机理及处理，并根据近年来儿童先天愚型患者甲低不断增多的趋势，提出应对先天愚型患儿进行定期的甲状腺功能检查，以便早期发现和治疗甲状腺功能减低。     

Case report of de novo dup(18p)/del(18q) and r(18) mosaicism

This is a report of a 27-year-old woman with an unusual de novo chromosomal abnormality. Mosaicism was identified in peripheral blood cells examined by standard G-bands by trypsin using Giemsa (GTG) analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with chromosome-18 region-specific probes, 46,XX,del(18)(pter → q21.33:)[41], 46,XX,r(18)(::p11.21 → q21.33::)[8], and 46,XX,der(18)(pter → q21.33::p11.21 → pter)[1]. On the other hand, the karyotype of periodontal ligament fibroblasts was nonmosaic, 46,XX, der(18)(pter → q21.33::p11.21 → pter)[50]. All cell lines appeared to be missing a portion of 18q (q21.33 → qter). The pattern of the dup(18p)/del(18q) in the rod configuration raises the possibility of an inversion in chromosome 18 in one of the parents. However, no chromosomal anomaly was detected in either parent. The most probable explanation is that de novo rod and ring configurations arose simultaneously from an intrachromosomal exchange. The unique phenotype of this patient, which included primary hypothyroidism and primary hypogonadism, is discussed in relation to her karyotype.     

自体甲状腺组织与干细胞移植治疗甲状腺功能减退症的研究进展

不可逆性甲减患者需要终身服用甲状腺激素，对患者的日常工作和生活造成了很大的不便。随着近年来对自体甲状腺组织与干细胞移植研究的进展，有望解决甲减病人终身服药这一问题。自体甲状腺组织移植的动物实验以及人体试验均表明：甲状腺移植物不但能够存活，而且能够发挥作用。最新的胚胎干细胞（Embryonic stemcell，ESC）研究证明，ESC可以分化为甲状腺滤泡细胞。     

Cold-induced thermogenesis in hypothyroid rats

Hypothyroidism was induced in adult rats by oral administration of methimazole. Euthyroid and hypothyroid rats were maintained at 23 °C or exposed at 6 °C for 3 weeks. Both euthyroid and hypothyroid rats maintained at 23 °C had similar interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) composition and thermogenic activity. Cold-exposed hypothyroid rats showed the same interscapular BAT mass and gross tissue composition as cold-exposed euthyroid animals, but the interscapular BAT of cold-exposed hypothyroid rats did not show the characteristic increase in GDP binding, and the increase in mitochondrial mass was lower than in euthyroid rats. From these results we conclude that thyroid hormones do not influence BAT significantly when thermogenic requirements are moderate, but they participate in the trophic response of the tissue when thermogenic requirements are intense. This thyroid hormone participation in the BAT trophic response occurs at the mitochondrial level, both in quantitative (mitochondrial mass) and qualitative (GDP-binding) aspects.     

Ornithine decarboxylase and polyamines in developing rat brain and heart: Effects of perinatal hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism induced by perinatal administration of propylthiouracil (PTU) had profound effects on growth of the heart, with major organ weight deficits persisting well beyond the termination of drug treatment. These effects were preceded by disruption of the developmental patterns of cardiac ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and the polyamines, which are thought to be intracellular modulators of cellular maturation. Activity of cardiac ODC was depressed in the PTU-treated group and putrescine and spermidine levels were markedly subnormal. PTU administration also affected brain growth, but much less so than in the heart. The disruption of the brain ODC/polyamine system was also less pronounced, with relatively small degrees of spermidine depletion and a slight elevation of ODC. For both tissues, the biochemical effects of perinatal hypothyroidism were opposite to those found previously for administration of exogenous thyroid hormones. These results support the views that:

1. (1) endogenous thyroid hormones contribute to the maintenance of normal developmental patterns of ODC and the polyamines, and

2. (2) the ODC/polyamine system participates in events modulating subsequent tissue growth.

儿童系统性红斑狼疮患儿甲状腺相关抗体检测的临床意义

目的探讨儿童系统性红斑狼疮(cSLE)患儿甲状腺相关抗体检测对发现甲状腺损伤及自身免疫性甲状腺炎(AITD)的临床意义。方法选择2017年1月至2021年8月,在首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院风湿免疫科住院治疗的50例初发cSLE患儿为研究对象,并纳入cSLE组。同时选取在本院体检中心进行体检的50例健康儿童纳入对照组。回顾性分析2组受试儿的一般临床资料和甲状腺相关抗体阳性率,并对cSLE组患儿的临床特征、甲状腺相关抗体阳性率、甲状腺损伤情况、治疗和随访情况进行分析。采用电化学发光法检测促甲状腺素受体抗体(TRAb)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TgAb)、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)。本研究遵循的程序符合2013年修订的《世界医学协会赫尔辛基宣言》要求,与所有受试儿监护人签署临床研究知情同意书。结果①2组受试儿性别构成比、年龄等一般临床资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。②cSLE组50例患儿中,年龄为4~15岁[(11.0±2.5)岁],均无甲状腺疾病家族史。所有患儿首诊时系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)病情活动评分(SLEDAI-2k)均>5分,仅1例以甲状腺损伤表现起病。50例cSLE患儿中TRAb、TgAb和TPOAb呈阳性分别为6例(12.0%)、18例(36.0%)、20例(40.0%)。对cSLE不同病情活动度患儿的甲状腺相关抗体阳性率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。③cSLE组患儿的3种甲状腺相关抗体阳性率均高于对照组,2组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。④cSLE组50例患儿中,13例(26.0%,13/50)诊断为AITD,包括12例(24.0%,12/50)桥本甲状腺炎(HT)和1例(1/50,2.0%)毒性弥漫性甲状腺肿(GD);2例(2/50,4.0%)诊断为甲状腺功能减退症(亚临床型);9例(9/50,18.0%)患儿虽然甲状腺相关抗体呈阳性,但是无甲状腺疾病症状,并且甲状腺功能及超声检查结果均正常;其余26例无甲状腺损伤。⑤50例患儿均使用糖皮质激素联合免疫抑制剂治疗,于治疗6~18个月后cSLE病情缓解(SLEDAI-2k评分<5分)。对13例cSLE合并AITD的患儿,部分给予补充左甲状腺素或口服甲巯咪唑治疗,随访6~48个月时症状消失,甲状腺功能恢复正常,甲状腺相关抗体转阴,甚至停药。对2例cSLE合并甲状腺功能减退症而甲状腺相关抗体呈阴性的患儿,给予口服左甲状腺素治疗后,随着其原发病的缓解,甲状腺素片减量,随访期间甲状腺相关抗体未转阳。结论cSLE患儿发生甲状腺损伤较常见,多为AITD,其中又以HT为主,但是多数甲状腺损伤表现隐匿。因此,对于cSLE患儿,特别是活动期患儿,无论其是否为重度疾病活动度,除检测甲状腺功能外,均应该常规检测甲状腺相关抗体,早期发现甲状腺损伤。一旦发现甲状腺损伤,应以积极控制原发病为主,对症予左甲状腺素或甲巯咪唑等治疗,随着患儿cSLE疾病的缓解,其甲状腺相关抗体可转阴,甲状腺功能可恢复。     

湖南省新生儿先天性甲状腺功能减低症和苯丙酮尿症的筛查分析

目的：了解湖南省新生儿先天性甲状功能减低症（CH）和苯丙酮尿症（PKU）的发病情况,早期诊断和治疗。方法：采用时间分辨荧光免疫法（DELFIA）测定促甲状腺素（TSH）浓度,使用盖塞利细菌抑制法或荧光法测定血苯丙氨酸（Phe)浓度。对TSH≥20μU/L或Phe≥0.26mmol/L(2mg/dl)者,进行确诊检查,确诊后给予治疗并随访。结果：湖南省部分地区46323例新生儿,确诊为CH28例（包括3例TSH延期上升型CH）,PKU患儿1例。经治疗随访患者智能体格发育正常。结论：新生儿筛查能早期发现PKU和CH患儿,及时诊断、治疗和预防智力低下发生,值得大力推广。