急诊内科昏迷患者的紧急抢救及临床护理干预分析研究

目的探讨急诊内科昏迷患者的紧急抢救及临床护理干预措施。方法选择我院2018年6月～2019年6月收治的218例患者随机分为观察组(n=109)和对照组(n=109)。两组均给予紧急抢救,对照组给予常规护理干预,观察组给予综合护理干预。观察比较两组抢救成功率、病死率、住院时间及护理满意度情况。结果观察组抢救成功96例,抢救成功率88.07%;对照组抢救成功101例,抢救成功率92.66%;两组分别有13例(11.93%)和8例(7.34%)患者抢救无效死亡。两组患者抢救成功率比较差异无统计学意义(χ~2=1.317,P=0.251)。观察组住院时间(18.57±2.34)d,明显低于对照组的(22.15±2.89)d(t=-10.051,P=0.000);观察组护理非常满意48例(44.04%)、基本满意57例(52.29%)、不满意4例(3.67%),整体护理情况优于对照组(Z=-2.453,P=0.014);观察组护理满意度为96.33%,明显高于对照组的80.73%(χ~2=13.057,P=0.000)。结论对急诊内科昏迷患者,在紧急抢救的同时,应给予相关综合临床护理干预,医护密切配合,有效提高患者抢救成功率及护理满意度,改善患者预后。     

Ischemic stroke in Morocco: Prehospital delay and associated factors

ObjectivesThis study aimed to estimate prehospital delay and to identify the factors associated with the late arrival of patients with ischemic stroke at the Souss Massa Regional Hospital Center in Morocco.Patients and methodsAn observational, prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2019 to September 2019 in the Souss Massa regional hospital center, which is a public hospital structure. A questionnaire was administered to patients with ischemic stroke and to bystanders (family or others), while clinical and paraclinical data were collected from medical records. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the factors associated with delayed arrival at emergency department.ResultsA total of 197 patients and 197 bystanders who fulfilled the criteria for the study were included. The median time from symptom onset to hospital arrival was 6 hours (IQR, 4–16). Multiple regression analysis showed that illiteracy (OR 38.58; CI_95%: 3.40–437.27), waiting for symptoms to disappear (patient behavior) (OR 11.24; CI_95%: 1.57–80.45), deciding to go directly to the hospital (patient behavior) (OR 0.07; CI_95%: 0.01–0.57), bystander's knowledge that stroke is a disease requiring urgent care within a limited therapeutic window (OR 0.005; CI_95%: 0.00–0.36), and direct admission without reference (OR 0.005; CI_95%: 0.00–0.07), were independently associated with late arrival (> 4.5 hours) of patients with acute ischemic stroke. In addition, illiteracy (OR 24.62; CI_95%: 4.37–138.69), vertigo and disturbance of balance or coordination (OR 0.14; CI_95%: 0.03–0.73), the relative's knowledge that stroke is a disease requiring urgent care and within a limited therapeutic window (OR 0.03; CI_95%: 0.00–0.22), calling for an ambulance (relative's behavior) (OR 0.16; CI_95%: 0.03–0.80), distance between 50 and 100 km (OR 10.16; CI_95%: 1.16–89.33), and direct admission without reference (OR 0.03; CI_95%: 0.00–0.14), were independently associated with late arrival (> 6 hours) of patients with acute ischemic stroke.ConclusionPatient behavior, bystander knowledge and direct admission to the competent hospital for stroke care are modifiable factors potentially useful for reducing onset-to-door time, and thereby increasing the implementation rates of acute stroke therapies.     

Risk factors for complications and in-hospital mortality: An analysis of 19,834 open pelvic ring fractures

BackgroundOpen pelvic fractures are rare injuries, associated with high patient morbidity and mortality. Few studies have investigated the impact of patient demographics, comorbidities, and injury related factors on complication and mortality rates. The purpose of this study was to: (1) identify the overall incidence of complications and mortality after open pelvic fractures, (2) compare patient factors between those who did and did not develop complications, (3) identify perioperative independent risk factors for complications and mortality.MethodsA query was performed for patients with open pelvic fractures between 2007 and 2017 using the American College of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank. Patient and injury specific variables were collected and complications were identified using International Classification of Disease Ninth and Tenth edition Codes. Patient demographic and perioperative data was compared using Fisher’s exact test and chi-square test for categorical variables, and Welch’s t-test for continuous variables. Using pooled data from multiple imputations, logistic regressions were used to calculate odds ratios and confidence intervals of independent risk factors for complications.ResultsA total of 19,834 open pelvic fracture cases were identified, with 9622 patients (48.5%) developing at least one complication. Patients who developed complications were older (35.0 vs 38.1 years), and had higher Injury Severity Scores (17.7 vs 26.5), lower Glasgow Coma Scores (14.2 vs 11.7), and a larger proportion presenting with hypotension (21% vs 6.9%). After pooled regression involving 19 factors, these were the strongest independent predictors of inpatient complication and mortality.ConclusionWe report a mortality rate of 14%, with an inclusive complication rate of 48.5%. Evaluating risk factors for morbidity and mortality for this devastating orthopaedic injury provides knowledge of an inherently sparse population.Level of EvidenceLevel II, Retrospective study.     

肠内营养支持对神经科昏迷患者营养状况及生活质量的影响

目的对比分析经皮胃镜下胃造瘘术和经鼻胃管肠内营养支持治疗在昏迷患者中的效果及安全性,为今后合理选择肠内营养支持途径提供参考和借鉴。方法选取我院2010-01-2014-01神经科收治的180例昏迷患者,采用前瞻性平行对照试验,按随机数字表法将其分为2组,每组90例,对照组行鼻胃管肠内营养支持,试验组行经皮胃镜下胃造瘘术肠内营养支持,对比分析2组患者营养状况和免疫功能改善情况、并发症发生情况,评估患者的预后和生存质量。结果试验组患者营养支持治疗后3、7d各项营养免疫指标改善情况明显优于对照组(P0.05);试验组并发症发生率11.11%,明显低于对照组的32.22%(χ~2=11.816 7,P=0.000 6);试验恢复良好率86.67%,明显高于对照组的71.11%(χ~2=6.538 2,P=0.010 6);试验组出院时及随访期间WHOQOL-BREF评分均明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论经皮胃镜造瘘术肠内营养支持治疗应用于神经科昏迷患者效果显著,能明显改善患者营养状况及免疫功能,肝肾损伤轻微,并发症发生率低,且能明显改善昏迷患者的预后,提高生存质量,具有极其广泛的应用空间,可作为营养支持首选方式。     

The value of susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) in patients with non-neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

ObjectiveIn susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) in the normal brain, cortical veins appear hypointense due to paramagnetic properties of deoxy-hemoglobin. Global cerebral anoxia decreases cerebral oxygen metabolism, thereby increasing oxy-hemoglobin levels in cerebral veins. We hypothesized that a lower cerebral oxygen extraction fraction in comatose patients with non-neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (IHE) produces a pattern of global rarefied or pseudo-diminished cortical veins due to higher oxy-hemoglobin.Purpose(1) To investigate the topographic relationship between susceptibility effects in cortical veins and related diffusion restrictions on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in patients with IHE. (2) To relate imaging findings to patterns of altered resting activity on surface EEG.MethodsTwenty-three IHE patients underwent MRI. EEG patterns were used to classify the depth of coma. Regional vs. global susceptibility changes on SWI and patterns of DWI restrictions were compared with the depth of coma.ResultsAll patients exhibited areas of restricted cortical diffusion and SWI abnormalities. The dominant DWI restrictions encompassed widespread areas along the precuneus, frontal and parietal association cortices and basal ganglia. For SWI, nineteen patients had generalized bi-hemispherical patterns, the EEG patterns correlated with coma grades III–V. Four patients had focal decreases of deoxy-hemoglobin following DWI restrictions; associated with normal EEGs.ConclusionFocal patterns of diamagnetic effects on SWI according to relative decreases in deoxy-hemoglobin due to reduced metabolic demand are associated with normal EEG in IHE patients. Global patterns indicated increased depth of coma and widespread cortical damage.Clinical relevanceThe results indicate a potential diagnostic value of SWI in patients with IHE.     

Risk factors for complications and in-hospital mortality: An analysis of 19,834 open pelvic ring fractures

BackgroundOpen pelvic fractures are rare injuries, associated with high patient morbidity and mortality. Few studies have investigated the impact of patient demographics, comorbidities, and injury related factors on complication and mortality rates. The purpose of this study was to: (1) identify the overall incidence of complications and mortality after open pelvic fractures, (2) compare patient factors between those who did and did not develop complications, (3) identify perioperative independent risk factors for complications and mortality.MethodsA query was performed for patients with open pelvic fractures between 2007 and 2017 using the American College of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank. Patient and injury specific variables were collected and complications were identified using International Classification of Disease Ninth and Tenth edition Codes. Patient demographic and perioperative data was compared using Fisher’s exact test and chi-square test for categorical variables, and Welch’s t-test for continuous variables. Using pooled data from multiple imputations, logistic regressions were used to calculate odds ratios and confidence intervals of independent risk factors for complications.ResultsA total of 19,834 open pelvic fracture cases were identified, with 9622 patients (48.5%) developing at least one complication. Patients who developed complications were older (35.0 vs 38.1 years), and had higher Injury Severity Scores (17.7 vs 26.5), lower Glasgow Coma Scores (14.2 vs 11.7), and a larger proportion presenting with hypotension (21% vs 6.9%). After pooled regression involving 19 factors, these were the strongest independent predictors of inpatient complication and mortality.ConclusionWe report a mortality rate of 14%, with an inclusive complication rate of 48.5%. Evaluating risk factors for morbidity and mortality for this devastating orthopaedic injury provides knowledge of an inherently sparse population.Level of EvidenceLevel II, Retrospective study.     

Survey on current practices for neurological prognostication after cardiac arrest

PurposeTo investigate current practices and timing of neurological prognostication in comatose cardiac arrest patients.MethodsAn anonymous questionnaire was distributed to the 8000 members of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine during September and October 2012. The survey had 27 questions divided into three categories: background data, clinical data, decision-making and consequences.ResultsA total of 1025 respondents (13%) answered the survey with complete forms in more than 90%. Twenty per cent of respondents practiced outside of Europe. Overall, 22% answered that they had national recommendations, with the highest percentage in the Netherlands (>80%). Eighty-nine per cent used induced hypothermia (32–34 °C) for comatose cardiac arrest patients, while 11% did not. Twenty per cent had separate prognostication protocols for hypothermia patients. Seventy-nine per cent recognized that neurological examination alone is not enough to predict outcome and a similar number (76%) used additional methods. Intermittent electroencephalography (EEG), brain computed tomography (CT) scan and evoked potentials (EP) were considered most useful. Poor prognosis was defined as cerebral performance category (CPC) 3–5 (58%) or CPC 4–5 (39%) or other (3%). When prognosis was considered poor, 73% would actively withdraw intensive care while 20% would not and 7% were uncertain.ConclusionNational recommendations for neurological prognostication after cardiac arrest are uncommon and only one physician out of five uses a separate protocol for hypothermia treated patients. A neurological examination alone was considered insufficient to predict outcome in comatose patients and most respondents advocated a multimodal approach: EEG, brain CT and EP were considered most useful. Uncertainty regarding neurological prognostication and decisions on level of care was substantial.     

脑电图反应性分级联合脑干听觉诱发电位对重型颅脑损伤患者的预后评估作用

目的 探讨脑电图反应性分级联合脑干诱发电位对重型颅脑损伤患者的预后评估作用。方法 选取本院重症监护病房的100例重型颅脑损伤昏迷患者,进行视频脑电监测及脑干听觉诱发电位监测,根据脑电图反应性分级与患者预后进行分析,并进行预后准确率比较。结果 患者脑电图反应性分级与预后密切相关,分级越高,预后越差(χ2=61.575,P=0.043,P0.05);单独应用视频脑电图对预后评价的敏感性和特异性偏低,通过视频脑电图反应性分级联合脑干听觉诱发电位,能显著提高患者预后评估的准确性(χ2=6.814,P=0.039,P0.05)。结论脑电图反应性分级与脑干听觉诱发电位相结合,在重型颅脑损伤患者预后评估中具有重要意义,值得在临床推广。     

原发性脑桥出血的预后因素分析

目的探讨原发性脑桥出血患者的预后及影响因素。方法连续登记2009年1月至2013年3月云南省玉溪市人民医院收治的发病后24 h内入院的原发性脑桥出血患者83例,失访7例,完成随访76例,其中男性45例(59.2%),女性31例(40.8%)。随访患者,记录发病后1年的生存状态(生存组和死亡组)。应用Cox比例风险模型对影响患者1年生存率的因素进行分析。结果原发性脑桥出血患者76例中,死亡32例,总病死率为42.1%;1个月内死亡28例,1个月病死率为36.8%。存活组平均血肿体积(2.58±2.18)mL,死亡组平均血肿体积(11.02±8.33)mL,两组比较,t=5.625,P=0.000。不同部位的原发性脑桥出血患者1年病死率比较,被盖型(4/26例)与混合型(21/29例)比较(χ2=17.983,P=0.000)。存活组入院时格拉斯哥昏迷(GCS)评分(13.27±3.19)分,死亡组GCS评分(6.13±3.66)分,两组比较(t=9.055,P=0.000)。Cox比例风险模型显示,影响原发性脑桥出血患者1年死亡的主要因素有:血肿体积(RR=1.061,95%CI:1.013~1.111),入院时GCS评分(RR=0.825,95%CI:0.738~0.922)。结论 GCS评分和血肿体积是原发性脑桥出血预后的临床和影像学预测指标,GCS评分低、血肿体积大提示预后差。