艾滋病合并肺结核中的CT影像学特征和诊断价值分析

目的探讨艾滋病合并肺结核患者行胸部CT检查的影像学特征及其在疾病诊断上的价值。方法选取本院在2018年3月至2019年4月诊治的40例艾滋病合并肺结核患者作为观察组,同时选择同期入院诊治40例单纯肺结核患者作为对照组。给予两组胸部CT检查,分析影像学特征,并探讨其诊断价值。结果与对照组比较,观察组淋巴结或胸膜受累所占比较明显更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与综合检查诊断结果比较,胸部CT检查继发性肺结核、血行播散型肺结核诊断准确率分别为96.55%、91.67%,漏诊2例(5.00%);艾滋病伴肺结核患者接受胸部CT检查时,影像学特征主要表现为双肺肺叶、肺段可见明显渗出性病变,肺内纤维索条影显示明显,同时还呈现明显空洞影、斑片状影,伴有明显腋窝、纵隔淋巴结肿大及心包、胸腔积液等情况。结论胸部CT检查方式用于艾滋病伴肺结核患者诊断,能够获得明显影像学特征,有助于诊断准确率提高。     

Are risk factors necessary for pretest probability assessment of coronary artery disease? A patient similarity network analysis of the PROMISE trial

BackgroundPretest probability (PTP) calculators utilize epidemiological-level findings to provide patient-level risk assessment of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). However, their limited accuracies question whether dissimilarities in risk factors necessarily result in differences in CAD. Using patient similarity network (PSN) analyses, we wished to assess the accuracy of risk factors and imaging markers to identify ≥50% luminal narrowing on coronary CT angiography (CCTA) in stable chest-pain patients.MethodsWe created four PSNs representing: patient characteristics, risk factors, non-coronary imaging markers and calcium score. We used spectral clustering to group individuals with similar risk profiles. We compared PSNs to a contemporary PTP score incorporating calcium score and risk factors to identify ≥50% luminal narrowing on CCTA in the CT-arm of the PROMISE trial. We also conducted subanalyses in different age and sex groups.ResultsIn 3556 individuals, the calcium score PSN significantly outperformed patient characteristic, risk factor, and non-coronary imaging marker PSNs (AUC: 0.81 vs. 0.57, 0.55, 0.54; respectively, p ?< ?0.001 for all). The calcium score PSN significantly outperformed the contemporary PTP score (AUC: 0.81 vs. 0.78, p ?< ?0.001), and using 0, 1–100 and ?> ?100 cut-offs provided comparable results (AUC: 0.81 vs. 0.81, p ?= ?0.06). Similar results were found in all subanalyses.ConclusionCalcium score on its own provides better individualized obstructive CAD prediction than contemporary PTP scores incorporating calcium score and risk factors. Risk factors may not be able to improve the diagnostic accuracy of calcium score to predict ≥50% luminal narrowing on CCTA.     

胸部CT指导冠脉造影（治疗）术导管选择的价值研究

目的探讨胸部CT 指导冠脉造影（治疗）术导管选择的价值。方法 选择2018 年1 月～2019 年1 月我院收治的300 例行冠状动脉造影（治疗）术的患者作为研究对象，采用单双号法分组，单号为对照组，双号为研究组，每组各150 例，对照组采用超声指导造影导管选择，研究组采用胸部CT 指导造影导管选择，对比两组患者导管选型、大小合适率、导管选择花费时间、手术总耗时、治疗总有效率及手术过程中动脉管壁损伤发生率。结果 研究组患者导管选型合适率（98.00%）、大小合适率（98.67%）均显著高于对照组（85.33%、86.67%），研究组患者导管选择花费时间为（13.76±1.73）min、手术总耗时为（37.18±2.72）min 均显著短于对照组的（21.23±2.15）min、（58.96±3.44）min，研究组患者治疗总有效率（96.67%）显著高于对照组（77.33%），研究组患者手术过程中动脉管壁损伤发生率（0.67%）显著低于对照组（15.33%），差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 在冠状动脉造影术中采用胸部CT指导临床患者选择造影导管，不仅能有效提高患者导管选型、大小合适率、缩短导管选择花费时间和降低其脉管壁损伤发生率，还能有效提高手术整体治疗效果，提高患者预后质量。     

New evidence supporting lung cancer screening with low dose CT & surgical implications

IntroductionLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-death worldwide. The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPTSF) approved screening for current or former smokers aged 55–80 based on the results of the National Lung Screening trial (NLST). Following the NLST, new evidence has emerged from clinical trials and updates to previous trials prior to the anticipated update to the USPSTF guideline. We review the new evidence on lung cancer screening with low dose computed tomography (LDCT) and the surgical implications.MethodsA review of new literature was performed pertaining to lung cancer screening since implementation of UPSTF guidelines. Articles for inclusion were identified by both authors’, then search of the Pubmed and Cochrane database was performed from January 1st, 2013 through February 4th, 2020 using the MeSH search terms: “lung cancer”; “screening”; “low dose CT”. The results of these studies are summarized.ResultsWe identified multiple prospective randomized control trials and meta-analysis since the NLST supporting lung cancer-specific mortality with screening. We identified new nodule classification systems and the development of risk-models which may reduce false positive rates and identify high risk patients not currently eligible for screening. Finally, we discussed the surgical implications of screening.ConclusionNew data supports NLST findings and show ongoing benefit to LDCT for lung cancer screening. Standardized LDCT screening classification has been shown to reduce harm and lower false positive rates. Further study is needed regarding use of risk-modeling. Screening will require an increase in the thoracic workforce to accommodate the amount of surgically operable cancers.     

Surgical management of the rheumatoid hand and wrist

Management of the patient with rheumatoid arthritis of the hand and wrist demands a methodical approach. Multidisciplinary assessment and treatment in conjunction with a rheumatologist and dedicated hand therapist are essential. Initial treatment should be conservative. However, when patients develop severe deformities refractory to medical treatment, or there is impending tendon rupture or nerve compression, surgical intervention is required. This article aims to provide a current review of the principles and common conditions in surgery for rheumatoid arthritis of the hand and wrist.     

Intraspinal anomalies: presentation,assessment, treatment and association with the development of scoliosis

The most common congenital intraspinal abnormalities presenting to medical attention is either a Chiari malformation with or without associated syringomyelia or caudal anomalies, such as tethered cord and fatty filum terminale. These intraspinal defects are usually diagnosed at birth or in early childhood, but they may also be identified in adult life due to newly presented neurological symptoms. Availability and use of appropriate imaging modalities, such as MRI and regular fetal screening has reduced the incidence of delayed diagnosis of spinal dysraphism and other accompanying congenital systemic anomalies. In view of the risk for neurological complications, prophylactic surgery is often recommended in spinal dysraphism; hence knowledge of various intraspinal abnormalities, their clinical presentation and natural history will allow early diagnosis and treatment in order to prevent neurological deterioration and irreversible morbidity. This review summarizes the embryological aspects and clinical manifestations of intraspinal abnormalities and provides a rational approach for evaluation and management in this group of patients.