Intrapartum fetal surveillance: a physiological approach

Continuous utero-placental circulation, and patent umbilical blood vessels ensure an uninterrupted transfer of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus as well as clearance of metabolic waste products. The onset of labour characterized by progressive and strong uterine contractions poses a threat to fetal oxygenation as a result of collapsing the spiral arterioles traversing the myometrium to supply the placental bed, and repetitive compression of the blood vessels within the umbilical cord. Human fetuses are equipped with compensatory mechanisms to cope with transient interruptions of blood supply during labour. The ability to compensate may be blunted in cases of poor fetal reserves, increased metabolic demand (macrosomia or maternal fever), and due to non-hypoxic pathways (e.g. chorioamniontis or fetal hypovolumia-hypotension syndrome). Intrapartum fetal surveillance involves prompt recognition of the features that signal the onset of fetal decompensation on the cardiotocograph (CTG) to ensure a timely intervention to avoid hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) or perinatal deaths. This article summarises a ‘physiological approach’ to the interpretation of the CTG which, in places, conflicts with other current UK guidance.     

Exploring peer tutoring from the peer tutor's perspective

IntroductionChanging working practices, student numbers, workforce demands, and deficits, have created a need to consider new ways of radiography student training. One suggestion could be to implement Peer Assisted Learning (PAL) during clinical placements. PAL utilises social constructivist theories, where peer tutors teach lower or same level tutees, reinforcing and practicing material formally taught. The aim of this study was to trial an intervention of PAL, co-designed between the university and students and evaluated to identify opportunities and challenges.MethodsUsing participatory action research 8 final year student volunteers trialled a 3-week intervention, where they delivered PAL to first years, tutoring on first year radiographic clinical practice. Focus groups were held pre and post intervention to gather qualitative data.ResultsFocus group discussions were transcribed and collectively thematically analysed. Two students and the primary researcher took part in the analysis.ConclusionStudents identified benefits and challenges to PAL. Issue around preparing for and being a peer tutor are also discussed.Further study involving experiences of first year students and clinical colleagues is required.Implications for practicePeer-tutoring has potential benefits to students to facilitate the development of skills related to image analysis and critique as well as radiographic anatomy and patient positioning.     

河南省非订单定向全科住院医师规范化培训结业学员的就业状况及影响因素研究

背景 全科医生数量和质量是人力资源管理的两个重要维度，其中，医生数量的新增、保持和流失，是全科人力动态规划、管理和评价的重要考量，也是全科住院医师规范化培训（简称全科住培）的绩效指标。探讨全科住培学员的就业状况及影响因素，可以为今后住培政策和激励机制的制定提供参考，但目前针对非订单定向全科住培学员的相关研究较为缺乏。 目的 了解河南省非订单定向全科住培学员的就业状况，分析学员结业后未从事全科医学相关工作的原因，从而为完善培训管理和人力资源激励机制提供参考。 方法 于2021年8月，采用分层随机整群抽样法，在河南省选取2014—2017年入培且已结业的非订单定向全科住培学员326例进行问卷调查。问卷由课题组自行设计，主要内容为学员的基本信息、全科住培情况、目前工作情况及结业后从事与未从事全科医学相关工作的原因。问卷通过"问卷星"平台发放，由学员自行填写。 结果 共发放问卷326份，回收有效问卷271份（83.1%）。结业后，从事全科医学相关工作者77例（28.4%），从事非全科医学相关工作者194例（71.6%）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，年龄、文化程度、生源类型、全科住培基地所在区域是学员结业后是否从事全科医学相关工作的影响因素（P<0.05）。与结业后未从事全科医学相关工作的学员相比，结业后从事全科医学相关工作学员注册为全科医学专业的比例更高〔70.1%（54/77）比32.0%（62/194），P<0.05〕，在乡镇卫生院/社区卫生服务中心执业的比例更高〔49.4%（38/77）比6.2%（12/194），P<0.05）〕。194例未从事全科医学相关工作的学员中，从事内科学工作者78例（40.2%），从事急诊及危重症医学工作者33例（17.0%），从事外科学工作者17例（8.8%）。不选择从事全科医学相关工作的前3位原因分别为：单位安排〔34.5%（67/194）〕，所在单位没有全科医学科〔29.9%（58/194）〕，薪酬低〔26.8%（52/194）〕。 结论 非订单定向全科住培学员选择从事全科医学相关工作的比例较低，年龄、文化程度、生源类型及基地所在区域是影响因素。建议加大全科医学理念宣传，加快综合医院全科医学科建设，提高全科医生薪酬待遇，以此增加全科医生的职业吸引力。     

Factors influencing the rating of sonographer students’ clinical performance

IntroductionLittle is known about the factors influencing clinical supervisor-assessors’ ratings of sonographer students’ performance. This study identifies these influential factors and relates them to professional competency standards, with the aim of raising awareness and improving assessment practice.MethodsThis study used archived written comments from 94 clinical assessors describing 174 sonographer students’ performance one month into their initial clinical practice (2015–6). Qualitative mixed method analysis revealed factors influencing assessor ratings of student performance and provided an estimate of the valency, association, and frequency of these factors.ResultsAssessors provided written comments for 93 % (n = 162/174) of students. Comments totaled 7190 words (mean of 44 words/student). One-third of comment paragraphs were wholly positive, two-thirds were equivocal. None were wholly negative. Thematic analysis revealed eleven factors, and eight sub-factors, influencing assessor impressions of five dimensions of performance. Of the factors mentioned, 84.6 % (n = 853/1008) related to professional competencies. While 15.4 % (n = 155/1008) were unrelated to competencies, instead reflecting humanistic factors such as student motivation, disposition, approach to learning, prospects and impact on supervisor and staff. Factors were prioritised and combined independently, although some associated.ConclusionClinical assessors formed impressions based on student performance, humanistic behaviours and personal qualities not necessarily outlined in educational outcomes or professional competency standards. Their presence, and interrelations, impact success in clinical practice, through their contribution to, and indication of, competence.Implications for practiceSonographer student curricula and assessor training should raise awareness of the factors influencing performance ratings and judgement of clinical competence, particularly the importance of humanistic factors. Inclusion of narrative comments, multiple assessors, and broad performance dimensions would enhance clinical assessment of sonographer student performance.     

Reporting radiographer academy training model; an evaluation of the impact for trainees and clinical service

IntroductionDemand on imaging services continues to increase on a background of complex issues and barriers to care. Collaborative cross organisational working through the development of imaging networks is recommended to address these issues including managing reporting workloads. Standardisation of reporting practices and collaborative cross region reporting radiographer training has been recommended to be supported by a regional reporting radiographer academy model to achieve these aims. This research explores the perceptions of trainees and their managers/mentor who undertook radiographer academy training model with a view to integrated imaging network formalisation in the region.MethodsAn online questionnaire was designed to capture qualitative and quantitative data with three phases; 1) trainees perception of the academy model, 2) trainees perception of the differences in training models and 3) the perceptions of the managers/mentors related to the academy model.ResultsThere were overwhelmingly positive opinions of the academy training model from both cohorts in this study, with the two main benefits emerging being the protected study time away from clinical departments and minimal disruption to clinical services due to reduced onus on the local mentors. Peer support was also highlighted as a positive aspect of the model which would facilitate future integrated imaging network working.ConclusionThe academy model has been well received by both cohorts in this study with positive outcomes highlighted and the model being seen as promoting and facilitating integrated imaging network working between departments. The small sample size of the study requires consideration when extrapolating the results to wider academy models, however some themes may be applicable.Implications for practiceInvestment in the reporting radiographer academy model is justified and provides a practical alternative to the traditional model.     

基层医生的儿童功能性便秘诊疗能力研究

背景 功能性便秘（FC）是儿童常见健康问题，也是儿童父母在基层医疗卫生机构门诊就诊中咨询频率较高的问题。尽管便秘不是急症，但如果处理不当，可能会引起严重的并发症，进而影响儿童及其家庭的生活质量。 目的 了解基层医生的儿童FC诊疗水平，为针对性提高基层医生的儿童FC诊疗与管理能力提供依据。 方法 于2020年7月，在北京市西城区基层医疗卫生机构中选取在日常诊疗中能接触到儿童患者的医生130例。采用本研究组自行设计的问卷对纳入医生开展调查，内容包括对≥6个月儿童FC诊断中常见症状的认知，以及对儿童FC的推荐治疗方法、推荐治疗药物、药物治疗时机及治疗持续时间等。 结果 108例（83.1%）基层医生的问卷被有效回收，其中全科医生34例（31.5%）、儿科医生30例（27.8%）、中医科医生30例（27.8%），平均每月门诊接触儿童患者（10.1±4.4）例。对于儿童FC的诊断：当≥6个月患儿出现排便次数少、大便坚硬、排便时出血、大便失禁、排便困难、排出稠便前哭泣症状时，分别有40.7%（44/108）、39.8%（43/108）、23.1%（25/108）、9.3%（14/108）、39.8%（43/108）、23.1%（25/108）的基层医生会考虑将其诊断为FC；51.9%（56/108）的基层医生认为同时存在排便次数少、排便困难两种症状时可诊断为FC；25.0%（27/108）的基层医生认为，同时存在排便次数少、大便坚硬、排便时出血、排便困难4种症状时可诊断为FC。对于儿童FC的治疗：37.0%（40/108）的基层医生推荐将药物治疗作为儿童FC的首选治疗方法；63.0%（68/108）的基层医生推荐将非药物治疗作为首选治疗方法，其中88.2%（60/68）推荐腹部按摩，85.3%（58/68）推荐高纤维饮食，82.4%（56/68）推荐如厕训练，72.1%（49/68）推荐增加液体摄入量。75.9%（82/108）的基层医生推荐使用乳果糖治疗；27.8%（30/108）的基层医生推荐联合应用柠檬酸钠、十二烷基磺基乙酸钠、山梨糖醇的微灌肠为直肠治疗方法，64.8%（70/108）的基层医师建议在患儿排便特别困难时进行直肠给药。基层医生认为，患儿开始治疗到有阳性反应的平均时间为（4.1±2.6）d；基层医生对儿童FC的平均治疗时间为（21.2±4.3）d；88.9%（96/108）的基层医生认为，便秘平均平均治疗（46.0±9.3）d可终止；当排便频率和/或稠度恢复正常/患者不再有不适时，88.9%（96/108）的基层医生会考虑停止治疗。 结论 尽管基层医生对儿童FC的诊断和治疗有一定认识，但总体认知水平有待提高。建议进一步提升现有基层医生对儿童FC的认知和综合管理能力，并制定基层医疗卫生机构的儿童FC综合管理模式，以提高对儿童FC的管理水平，从而降低患病率、提升治愈率。