生长抑素及其类似物联合质子泵抑制剂应用于急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的循证分析

目的 系统评价生长抑素及其类似物联合质子泵抑制剂（proton pump inhibitor，PPI）治疗急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血（acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding，ANVUGIB）的有效性和安全性，并分析其用药经济性。方法 采用循证医学方法搜集生长抑素及其类似物联合PPI治疗ANVUGIB的RCT、队列研究进行meta分析，得到相应的有效性及安全性分析结果，并进行成本-效果分析。结果 最终纳入6个RCT均未接受内镜治疗，共610例受试者。Meta分析结果显示，生长抑素及其类似物联合高、中、低剂量PPI治疗在以下方面均优于单用高、中、低剂量PPI治疗，差异有统计学意义，总有效率[OR=3.34，95%CI（2.03，5.47），P<0.000 01]、止血时间[MD=-9.04，95%CI（-11.69，-6.38），P<0.000 01]、输血量[MD=-1.10，95%CI（-1.46，-0.74），P<0.000 01]；在不良反应发生率方面，2组差异无统计学意义[OR=0.49，95%CI（0.11，2.12），P=0.34]。ANVUGIB患者予生长抑素联合高、中、低剂量奥美拉唑与单用高、中、低剂量奥美拉唑进行成本-效果分析，增量成本效果比分别为172.28，217.26，330.37，敏感性分析后显示结果稳定。而接受内镜治疗后应用生长抑素及其类似物联合PPI治疗仅1个队列研究，研究结果显示内镜治疗成功后联合治疗并不优于PPI单药治疗。结论 现有证据表明，生长抑素及其类似物联合PPI治疗未经内镜治疗的ANVUGIB患者为较有效的方案，两者安全性相当、耐受性较好，从药品直接成本考虑，高剂量PPI组联合治疗较中、低剂量PPI组联合治疗更具有成本效果性。而对于经内镜下止血治疗的患者两者疗效相当，可考虑单用PPI。     

Sensory evoked potentials in patients with Rett syndrome through the lens of animal studies: Systematic review

ObjectiveSystematically review the abnormalities in event related potential (ERP) recorded in Rett Syndrome (RTT) patients and animals in search of translational biomarkers of deficits related to the particular neurophysiological processes of known genetic origin (MECP2 mutations).MethodsPubmed, ISI Web of Knowledge and BIORXIV were searched for the relevant articles according to PRISMA standards.ResultsERP components are generally delayed across all sensory modalities both in RTT patients and its animal model, while findings on ERPs amplitude strongly depend on stimulus properties and presentation rate. Studies on RTT animal models uncovered the abnormalities in the excitatory and inhibitory transmission as critical mechanisms underlying the ERPs changes, but showed that even similar ERP alterations in auditory and visual domains have a diverse neural basis. A range of novel approaches has been developed in animal studies bringing along the meaningful neurophysiological interpretation of ERP measures in RTT patients.ConclusionsWhile there is a clear evidence for sensory ERPs abnormalities in RTT, to further advance the field there is a need in a large-scale ERP studies with the functionally-relevant experimental paradigms.SignificanceThe review provides insights into domain-specific neural basis of the ERP abnormalities and promotes clinical application of the ERP measures as the non-invasive functional biomarkers of RTT pathophysiology.     

施他宁联合奥美拉唑治疗肝硬化并上消化道大出血的疗效观察

目的探讨施他宁(生长抑素)联合奥美拉唑治疗肝硬化合并上消化道大出血的疗效。方法将确诊的83例患者随机分为三组。治疗组采用施他宁联合奥美拉唑的治疗方案,对照1组采用奥曲肽联合奥美拉唑的方案,对照2组采用垂体后叶素联合奥美拉唑的方案,观察时间为72 h。结果治疗组、对照1组、对照2组的止血有效率分别为93.3%、68.0%、57.1%,治疗组的止血有效率明显高于两个对照组(P<0.05);治疗组、对照1组、对照2组的有效止血时间分别为(29.71±6.35)h,(38.24±7.04)h,(40.88±9.98)h,治疗组的有效止血时间明显短于两个对照组(P<0.01)。结论施他宁联合奥美拉唑治疗肝硬化合并上消化道大出血疗效满意。     

Topography of median eminence somatostatinergic innervation

Somatostatin (SRIF) in the central nervous system is mostly concentrated in the median eminence (ME). Immunocytochemical methods have revealed high densities of SRIF-positive perikarya between the preoptic area and the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (NPE). The aim of the present study was to define more precisely the specific pathways of SRIF neurons from NPE to the ME. SRIF levels were measured by radioimmunoassay, following various hypothalamic transections. Frontal periventricular sections decreased SRIF-ME content by 70% (P less than 0.01), when located at the anterior end of the ME but no diminution was observed when the cuts were located anteriorly or posteriorly. Parasaggital transections decreased SRIF-ME levels by 50% (P less than 0.05) when located at the outer border of the ventromedial and premammillary nucleus, but the decrease was not significant when cuts were located anteriorly. Taken together, our data indicate that most SRIF-containing neurons, originating in the NPE, do not reach the ME directly along the border of the 3rd ventricle; instead they form a loop across the medial forebrain bundle before re-entering the mediobasal hypothalamus at the ME level.     

Metabolic response to beet fibre test meals

Test meals with 10.9 g dietary fibre from sugar beet and corresponding control meals were given to eight healthy subjects, aged 67 ± 9 years. The postprandial glucose, triglyceride, hormone and glycerol responses were monitored during 3 hours. After the beet fibre meal the insulin and C-peptide areas were reduced by 28 ( P < 0.01) and 22% ( P > 0.025), respectively, and the somatostatin levels increased by approximately 30% ( P > 0.05). Further, the maximum relative postprandial reduction of plasma glycerol levels was less evident after the fibre-rich meal than after the control meal (36 ± 4% v. 46 ± 4%, P < 0.05). There was no apparent difference in the overall glycaemic response between the meals. The triglyceride levels were similar after both test meals.
Suspension of beet fibre bread given to rats by oro-gastric intubation induced lower blood glucose response than a control bread at 15 and 30 min ( P < 0.001), respectively, but a similar insulin response.
The results suggest an effect of beet fibre on the rate of carbohydrate absorption, expressed as a lower insulin response in the healthy volunteers and a reduced glucose response in the rat.
The mechanism behind this effect in healthy subjects could possibly be mediated by an increased somatostatin response.     

小剂量生长抑素预防ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎的临床研究

目的：探讨生长抑素对内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）术后患者高淀粉酶血症及化学性胰腺炎的预防作用。方法：１２８例行ＥＲＣＰ患者随机分为两组：预防组６６例患者，分别于ＥＲＣＰ术前及术后各静滴生长抑素２５０μｇ；对照组６２例，仅静脉滴注５％葡萄糖溶液。两组患者分别检查术前及术后４和２４ｈ血淀粉酶水平及观察化学性胰腺炎发生情况。结果：预防组ＥＲ－ＣＰ术后４，２４ｈ血清淀粉酶分别为（２９８±３３）和（１４０±１５６）Ｕ／Ｌ，明显低于对照组的（３８０±３３）和（２４０±２１０）Ｕ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１）；预防组６６例中发生化学性胰腺炎１例（１．５％），对照组发生３例（４．８％），相差显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：生长抑素能有效地预防ＥＲＣＰ术后高淀粉酶血症及化学性胰腺炎。     

红霉素对犬幽门括约肌压力影响及其与胃动素,生长抑素的关系

为探讨红霉素对犬幽门括约肌的作用及其机理，及其与血浆胃动素，生长抑素的关系。方法采用胃压力测量仪及放射免疫法，同步监测观察了１０条犬静脉滴ＥＭ前后和使用拮抗剂后的幽门压力、血浆ＭＴＬ，ＳＳ的变化，结论：ＥＭ具有增高犬胃幽门压力的作用，其作用机理除与血浆ＭＴＬ有着密切的关系外，血浆ＳＳ也可能共同参与了其调节机制。     

Effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 (7–36 amide) on whole-body protein metabolism in healthy man

The incretin glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) shows glucose-dependent insulinotropic activity and may exert anabolic effects. Whole-body protein metabolism was assessed by measuring [1-¹³C]-leucine kinetics in 13 healthy volunteers during hyperglycaemic clamping with or without pancreatic clamping (somatostatin infusion) in order to differentiate between insulin-mediated and direct GLP-1 effects. During intact pancreatic secretion leucine flux and leucine oxidation rate as parameters of whole-body protein breakdown decreased markedly after 180 min of synthetic GLP-1 infusion (GLP-1 vs. placebo: P  < 0.003). Indirect calorimetry showed an increase in energy expenditure and CO₂ production during GLP-1 administration ( P  < 0.0005). Plasma insulin increased after 3 h of GLP-1 infusion to 1486 ± 145 pmol L⁻¹ vs. 185 ± 12 pmol L⁻¹ for saline ( P  < 0.0001). When plasma insulin levels were kept constant (GLP-1 vs. saline, NS) during pancreatic clamping, GLP-1 effects on both protein metabolism and energy expenditure were abolished. Thus, GLP-1 infusion in man exerts protein anticatabolic and thermic effects, which are mediated by GLP-1-induced stimulation of insulin secretion.     

大鼠应激性溃疡与胃泌素、胰高血糖素和生长抑素的相关性研究

采用冷束缚法建立大鼠应激性溃疡模型，以探讨胃肠激素与应激性溃疡发病的相关性。实验组置于（４±２）℃环境，３Ｈ，对照组置于（１８±３）℃，３ｈ，分别检测不同时间血清胃泌素、胰高血糖素、生长抑素的水平。结果表明，实验组胃泌素、胰高血糖素水平明显高于对照组，生长抑素水平明显低于对照组。提示胃泌素、胰高血糖素、生长抑素可能从不同的角度参与了应激性溃疡的消长过程。