人乳头瘤病毒在宫颈癌前病变诊断中的意义

目的用人乳头瘤病毒杂交捕获法（hc2 HPV DNA）监测宫颈癌前病变，提高诊断率。方法hc2 HPV DNA和TCT两种方法并用检测1231例宫颈外口及颈管脱落细胞。结果1231例样本中，HPV感染率34．0％，而21～40岁年龄段略高于其他年龄段；宫颈鳞状上皮正常HPV感染率23．2％。在细胞学诊断为ASC-us、ASC-h、LSIL和HSIL组中，HPV感染率依次为50．0％、58．8％、76．7％和93．3％。TCT检测：正常＋炎症1077例；asc-us 32例；ASC-h 34例；LSIL 73例，HSIL 15例。ASC-us、ASC-h、LSIL和HSIL检出率分别为2．6％、2．8％、5．9％和1．2％。统计学检验表明：HPV感染与细胞形态和结构的异常具有高度相关性（P〈0．01）。结论在宫颈鳞状上皮正常时HPV感染率最低，重度炎症时HPV感染率出现增高的趋势；当细胞形态和结构出现异常时，HPV的感染率明显增加，即HSIL〉15IL〉ASC-h〉ASC-us〉正常＋炎症。     

端粒酶活性检测在乳腺癌诊断中的意义

[目的 ]探讨细针穿刺乳腺肿瘤组织的端粒酶活性检测在乳腺癌诊断中的意义 .[方法 ]用聚合酶链反应 酶联免疫吸附测定法检测 79例术前乳腺肿瘤细针穿刺活检标本和大体标本的端粒酶活性 ,并与病理诊断进行比较 .[结果 ]乳腺癌 6 5例中穿刺组织端粒酶呈阳性的为 5 7例 ,阳性率为 88% ;大体组织端粒酶呈阳性的为 5 4例 ,阳性率为 83% .淋巴结转移者端粒酶活性高于无淋巴结转移者 .乳腺良性疾病 14例中端粒酶呈阳性的为 2例 ,阳性率为 14 % .[结论 ]术前乳腺肿瘤穿刺组织的端粒酶活性检测有利于乳腺肿瘤的早期诊断及鉴别诊断 .     

EFFECTIVENESS OF CYTODIAGNOSIS WITH PANCREATIC DUCT LAVAGE FLUID FOR PANCREATIC DUCTAL CARCINOMA: NEW SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Background: Pancreatic carcinoma is one of the most lethal cancers. Because pancreatic carcinoma is still very difficult to diagnose in its early stage, many of these patients will be considered unsuitable for surgery. If a cytological diagnosis is obtained at initial endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), suitable treatment will be initiated without delay. Methods: To increase the number of exfoliated cells from the pancreatic duct, we devised a new technique, pancreatic duct lavage fluid (PDLF), following bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The present paper reports the effectiveness of cytological examination using PDLF in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. We examined 18 pancreatic carcinoma cases. After the endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP), PDLF was collected from a double‐lumen catheter inserted into the main pancreatic duct. Saline injected from the lumen for the injection, and PDLF was aspirated from the other lumen for the guidewire at the same time. The cytological examination was performed using PDLF. Results: Exfoliated cells were more frequently found in PDLF from all patients. In 15 cases (83%), cytological examination of PDLF revealed positive cytological results as the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Conclusion: Cytological examination using PDLF has a high sensitivity for detection of pancreatic carcinoma. The new examination, PDLF, is simple, safe and effective, so we expect PDLF to become widely popular.     

Follicular thyroid lesions coexisting with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: incidence and possible sources of diagnostic errors

Our objectives were to study the types and incidence of thyroid follicular lesions coexisting with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), the pitfalls in their cytodiagnosis, and the effect on management. All cases of HT diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and/or histology over a 7-yr period were retrospectively studied. HT coexisted with follicular adenoma (FA) in 6 cases, follicular variant of papillary carcinoma (FVPC) in 1 case, and goitrous nodule (GN) in 2 cases. The overall incidence rates of thyroid neoplasm and goitrous nodules coexistent with HT were 15% and 3.5%, respectively. A preoperative FNA diagnosis was available in 10 histologically proven cases of HT. A false-positive diagnosis of follicular neoplasm (FN) that led to unnecessary thyroidectomies was given in 3 cases. In 2 of these, the cytological diagnosis was HT with the possibility of coexisting FN, and in the third case, the cytological finding of HT was misinterpreted as FN. The main causes of these diagnostic pitfalls were the presence of hyperplastic follicular cells with nuclear pleomorphism, a paucity of lymphoid cells in burned-out HT, and lack of ones exposure. Nuclear pleomorphism was observed in none of the follicular adenomas. FNA diagnosed accurately the coexisting lesions in 6 cases; 3 FA, 1 FVPC, and 2 GN, but it did not sample HT. In one case, FNA diagnosed correctly both HT and the coexisting FA. Therefore, the presence of a coexistent neoplasm or goitrous nodule reduced the chances of sampling HT by 85.7%, with no false-negative results. Indeed, aspiration on and around the thyroid nodule helps in sampling HT. However, HT may dominate the smear and obscure neoplasia. This can be avoided if the procedure is performed by the pathologist and the aspiration is done on the nodule only. The overlapping cytological features of FN and HT were the main causes of false-positive results. This can be reduced by avoiding the diagnosis of FN in the presence of follicular-cell pleomorphism and/or moderate to excessive numbers of lymphoid cells, provided proper aspiration technique is maintained.     

颈部淋巴结细针穿刺细胞学检查的临床应用

目的：探讨颈部淋巴结细针穿刺的临床应用价值。方法：回顾性分析我院2002年3月1日～2005年4月1日931例颈部淋巴结细针穿刺涂片细胞学检查与术后病理切片结果对比的临床资料。结果：931例颈部肿大淋巴结的细针穿刺诊断敏感度（总符合率）为82．5％。细针抽吸诊断良性病变350例（37，6％），恶性痛变491例（52．8％），可疑恶性20例（2．1％），诊断不明70例（7．5％）。本组细针穿刺良性病变诊断敏感度85．3％，总准确率为91.4％；恶性病变诊断敏感度94．4％，总准确率为96．0％；恶性淋巴瘤诊断敏感度为64％，总准确率为94．7％；转移癌诊断敏感度为92．6％，总准确率95．7％。结论：针吸细胞学检查是一种可靠的、准确率较高的颈部淋巴结病理诊断检查方法，值得临床推广使用。     

372例骨髓细胞形态学诊断结果分析

目的研究骨髓细胞形态学结果分布特点及在血液病病因诊断中的作用,了解该地区血液病疾病谱特征。方法2012年3月至2014年4月该院372例血液病患者的骨髓穿刺标本进行瑞姬氏染色和化学染色,显微镜观察细胞形态和化学染色结果,并结合相关临床资料得出形态学报告。结果372例患者确诊为血液系统疾病368例,以白血病(95/372)、增生性贫血(36/372)和缺铁性贫血(26/372)为3种主要类型。82例贫血患者类型分析,以增生性贫血(36/82)、缺铁性贫血(26/82)和巨幼细胞性贫血(11/82)为主。结论骨髓细胞形态学检查是血液系统疾病病因诊断的重要手段之一,对疾病谱的分析有助于指导临床诊治。     

Urinary cytology with acridine orange fluorescence is highly valuable for predicting high-grade upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma

Objectives: To evaluate the clinical value of acridine orange fluorescent staining in urinary cytology for the diagnosis of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Methods and materials: A retrospective analysis was conducted with 510 cases of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) in terms of the results of acridine orange fluorescence (AO-F) staining of the exfoliated cells in urine. The percentage of positive AO-F result and the positive predictive value of AO-F for high-grade and muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma were calculated and analyzed in terms of clinical characteristics. Results: The overall percentage of positive AO-F result was 49% in the 510 patients, 54.1% for males and 40.6% for females. AO-F was positive in 51.9% of the patients with hematuria and 36.2% of the patients without hematuria. AO-F was positive in 56.4% of the patients with renal pelvis carcinoma and 42.8% of the patients with ureteral cancer; in 44.6% of the patients with non-muscle invasive carcinoma and 53.5% of the patients with muscle-invasive carcinoma. AO-F was positive in 26.8% of the cases with low-grade carcinoma and 55.3% of the patients with high-grade carcinoma. The positive predictive value of AO-F was 88% for high-grade cancer, and only 53.6% for muscle invasive carcinoma. Conclusions: Acridine orange fluorescence microscopy cannot increase the sensitivity of urine exfoliative cytology in the diagnosis of UTUC. It may be used as a predictor of high-grade UTUC. Acridine orange fluorescence microscopy in urinary cytodiagnosis does not show high value in predicting muscle invasive UTUC.     

Telomerase activity analyzed with TRAP in situ provides additional information in effusions remaining equivocal after immunocytochemistry and hyaluronan analysis

Cytology is central in the diagnosis of malignancy in effusions. Ancillary techniques, mainly immunocytochemistry, have considerably improved the sensitivity but some 10% of all cases remain equivocal and require the addition of new diagnostic modalities. We have previously shown that strong nuclear telomerase activity determined with Telomere Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP) in situ is specific for malignant cells and could be a candidate for an additional test. Thirty effusions remaining diagnostically equivocal after the use of immunocytochemistry and the determination of the hyaluronan content were reviewed and their TRAP in situ reactivity was related to the definitive diagnoses based on all available data. There were seven effusions from patients with definitive benign diagnoses and 23 effusions from patients with definitive malignant diagnoses. Strong telomerase activity was seen only in effusions from patients with definitive malignant diagnosis, all effusions from patients with benign disease lacking strong telomerase activity, whereas eight of the malignant cases, including three cases of epithelial mesothelioma, showed strong reactivity. Strong nuclear TRAP in situ reactivity was demonstrated only in effusions from patients with verified malignant disease. Although the study is small, it suggests that TRAP in situ activity provides diagnostic information in about one‐third of effusions remaining cytologically equivocal after the use of current ancillary techniques. The most striking diagnostic improvement appears to be gained in epithelial mesotheliomas. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:1051–1057. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Cytological features of carcinoma of the collecting ducts of Bellini in voided urine cytology

Carcinoma of the collecting ducts of Bellini (CCDB) is a rare histological type of renal cell carcinoma. This article describes the cytological features of CCDB in voided urine, confirmed on the basis of the histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The CCDB cells occurred singly in loose aggregates and in small clusters, occasionally in a rosette‐like structure. There were various types of cancer cells, including round to oval, spindle, and tadpole‐like cells. The nuclei usually showed coarse chromatin, inconspicuous nucleoli, and lacy to vacuolated cytoplasm. CCDB of the kidney is a rare cytodiagnostic challenge in voided urine cytology alone. When the cytological diagnosis is considered, it is necessary to perform immunocytochemistry and correlate the clinical history and imaging studies. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.