藏药“蒂达”的名称与品种考证

采用文献考证与实地调查相结合的方法,对常用藏药材"蒂达"的名称、品种分类及其基原进行了考证和整理.结果表明,"蒂达"的名称、品种和基原极为复杂混乱,是导致其缺乏和难以制定药材质量控制标准的关键制约因素.类似状况在民族药中普遍存在,反映出了对民族药进行品种整理的必要性和迫切性.由于古代文献对于药物基原的形态描述往往较为简单,多数情况下仅根据文献考证难以准确确定其基原,在进行民族药品种整理时,还应"尊古不泥古",注重古今药材品种、基原的历史变迁和现实资源、临床使用状况的调查,并积极借鉴现代化学、生物活性评价等的研究成果,既继承民族医药的特色与优势,又推动其现代化发展.     

Reference ranges for haematology, biochemical profile and electrophoresis in a single herd of Ragusana donkeys from Sicily (Italy)

Donkeys, an endangered species, have recently gained a new application with the use of their milk to feed humans with allergic processes. The Ragusana donkey breed from Sicily is used to produce milk for humans with allergic diseases. In order to evaluate the hygienic, nutritional and management measures on a farm of Ragusana donkeys, complete blood counts, extended biochemical profiles and serum protein electrophoresis, as part of metabolic profile test (MPT), were performed in Ragusana donkeys. Fifty-four donkeys were studied and grouped according to their age, (1) 29 females and a single stallion (n=30), (2) young females, 1 – 3 years old (n=10) and (3) young of both sexes under 1 year old (n=14). The RBC count, RDW value, Lymp, and Mono counts, and PDW values were statistically greater in donkeys under one year old than in adult donkeys, while the Seg Neu count was lower. The CPK, ALP, iPhos, and HCO₃, values were statistically higher in the group of donkeys under 1 year of age than adult donkeys while Cl and LDH values were statistically lower in donkeys under 1 year than adult donkeys. Additionally, statistically significant increased values for CPK, ALP, Alb, Chol, iPhos, HCO₃, and UIBC in young donkeys under 1 year when compared with young donkeys, 1 – 3 years were observed. A statistically significant decreased value for Urea and an increased value for Crea in young donkeys, 1 – 3 years old were found as compared to adults. The serum protein fractions recognised by electrophoresis were: albumin, alpha globulin (subdivided into alpha-1 and alpha-2-globulins), beta globulin, and gamma globulin. In the alpha-1-globulin region three small peaks were constantly noticed, and alpha-2-globulins were statistically different between the three groups being greater in young donkeys under 1 year of age. The results obtained were used both to establish reference ranges and a data bank for the farm of Ragusana donkeys for future needs in assessing the metabolic status and health of the animals.     

Heterogeneity in the Antibody Response to Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease Primo‐vaccinated Calves

Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) vaccines are routinely used as effective control tools in large regions worldwide and to limit outbreaks during epidemics. Vaccine‐induced protection in cattle has been largely correlated with the FMD virus (FMDV)‐specific antibodies. Genetic control of cattle immune adaptive responses has been demonstrated only for peptide antigens derived from FMDV structural proteins. Here, we quantify the heterogeneity in the antibody response of cattle primo‐vaccinated against FMD and study its association with the genetic background in Holstein and Jersey sires. A total of 377 FMDV‐seronegative calves (122 and 255 calves from 16 and 15 Holstein and Jersey sires, respectively) were included in the study. Samples were taken the day prior to primo‐vaccination and 45 days post‐vaccination (dpv). Animals received commercial tetravalent FMD single emulsion oil vaccines formulated with inactivated FMDV. Total FMDV‐specific antibody responses were studied against three viral strains included in the vaccine, and antibody titres were determined by liquid‐phase blocking ELISA. Three linear hierarchical mixed regression models, one for each strain, were formulated to assess the heterogeneity in the immune responses to vaccination. The dependent variables were the antibody titres induced against each FMDV strain at 45 dpv, whereas sire's ‘breed’ was included as a fixed effect, ‘sire’ was included as a random effect, and ‘farm’ was considered as a hierarchical factor to account for lack of independence of within herd measurements. A significant association was found between anti‐FMDV antibody responses and sire's breed, with lower immune responses found in the Jersey sires’ offspring compared with those from Holstein sires. No significant intrabreed variation was detected. In addition, farm management practices were similar in this study, and results of the serological assays were shown to be repeatable. It therefore seems plausible that differences in the immune response may be expected in the event of a mass vaccination campaigns.     

Responses of weaned lambs to fear-eliciting situations: origin of individual differences

The aims of this study were 1) to develop methods of objectively measuring fear in weaned lambs, and 2) to evaluate the effects of age, sex, breed, and rearing conditions on fear reactions. Four hundred forty-one lambs, aged 3 to 6 months, were submitted to three fear-eliciting situations (isolation, surprise effect, and human presence). Factor analysis revealed a first factor, interpreted in terms of fear, that accounted for 40% of total variance in the three tests. As in adult sheep, the main signs of fear were inhibition of feeding, long distance from the frightening stimulus, frequent immobilizations, and numerous high-pitch bleats. Behavior was also influenced by differences in general locomotor activity and exploratory motivation. Fear reactions were influenced by age (3- to 4-month-old lambs more fearful than 5- to 6-month-old), sex (females more fearful than males), breed (Romanov more fearful than Ile-de-France), and rearing conditions (artificial vs. maternal: almost no influence in males and influence in females depending on age). These results with sheep provide interesting theoretical and practical perspectives to the study of fearfulness.     

Relative expression analysis of IL‐5 and IL‐6 genes in tropical sheep breed Pelibuey infected with Haemonchus contortus

Haemonchus contortus is a parasitic nematode of Pelibuey sheep, a meat breed used in tropical regions. Due to anthelmintic problems, the identification of hosts resistant to H. contortus is another option of control. The aim of this study was to analyse the relative expression of IL‐5 and IL‐6 genes in Pelibuey sheep after H. contortus infection. Nineteen lambs infected with H. contortus and three more lambs without infection were studied. The haemonchosis was determined by the number of eggs per gram of faeces (epg) and by the estimation of the percentage of the packed cell volume (%pcv). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained to extract RNA at 0, 1, 2, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after infection to quantify the relative expression of IL‐5, IL‐6 and GAPDH by real‐time PCR. Five lambs were classified as low responders (lr) to haemonchosis with averages of 1519 ± 315·3 epg and 31·49 ± 5·13%pcv, and 14 lambs were identified as high responders (hr) with averages of 530 ± 132 epg and 34·88 ± 3·75%pcv. The expression ratio of IL‐5 was significantly different compared with control lambs at 2, 7 and 14 days post‐infection (PI), and IL‐6 was significantly different after 14 days. The highest level of relative expression for IL‐5 and IL‐6 genes was 9·9‐fold and 12‐fold after 2 and 14 days for hr hosts (P < 0·05) compared with control group, respectively. In conclusion, the Pelibuey breed in grazing areas exhibited different expression of IL‐5 and IL‐6 obtained from PBMCs against H. contortus, suggesting the importance of these cytokines in regulating the nematode infection.     

蛋白质摄入对卒中型自发性高血压大鼠脑卒中及繁育能力的影响

本实验结果提示在饲料中适当增加蛋白质含量．既可保持卒中型自发性高血压大鼠（SHRsp）脑卒中的特性（脑卒中病理检出率为86．6％），又保持了大鼠正常的繁育能力及身体健康，显著延长了雌鼠的寿命，增加了雄鼠及仔鼠的体重。     

蝎毒组分Ⅲ对原代培养的人肝癌细胞的抑制作用

目的　观察蝎毒组分Ⅲ (scorpionvenomcrudeⅢ ,SVCⅢ )对原代培养的人肝癌细胞生长的影响 ,试图找出SVCⅢ抑制肝细胞癌的最佳浓度。方法　采用噻唑蓝 (MTT)法检测经不同浓度SVCⅢ作用的肝癌细胞的生长抑制率。结果　SVCⅢ能抑制该细胞的生长 ,并可导致肝癌细胞代谢MTT的能力显著低于对照组 ,生长抑制率达 64 .3 6% (P <0 .0 1)。当SVCⅢ的浓度 <16mg·L-1时 ,剂量 -效应关系明显 ;而SVCⅢ的浓度 >16mg·L-1时无剂量-效应关系。丝裂霉素C(MMC)治疗组生长抑制率达 5 8.42 % (P <0 .0 1)。结论　SVCⅢ能够抑制肝癌细胞的生长 ,并存在剂量 -效应关系。     

Influence of strain and age differences on the yields of porcine islet isolation: extremely high islet yields from SPF CMS miniature pigs

BACKGROUND: Porcine pancreas is a potential source of material for islet xenotransplantation. However, the difficulty in isolating islets, because of their fragility and the variability of isolation outcome in donor age and breed, represents a major obstacle to porcine islet xenotransplantation. In this study, we compared the islet isolation yield of specific pathogen-free (SPF) Chicago Medical School (CMS) miniature pigs with that of another miniature pig breed and market pigs from a local slaughterhouse. METHODS: Nine adult CMS miniature (ACM) pigs (>12 months), six young CMS miniature (YCM) pigs (6-7 months), four adult Prestige World Genetics (PWG) miniature (APM) pigs (>12 months), and 13 adult market (AM) pigs from a local slaughterhouse were used for islet isolation. RESULTS: The islet yield per gram of pancreas from ACM pigs (9589 +/- 2823 IEQ/g) was significantly higher than that from APM pigs (1752 +/- 874 IEQ/g, P < 0.05), AM pigs (1931 +/- 947 IEQ/g, P < 0.05), or YCM pigs (3460 +/- 1985 IEQ/g, P < 0.05). Isolated islets from ACM pigs were significantly larger than those from AM pigs or YCM pigs. The in vitro and in vivo function of isolated islets showed no difference among experimental groups. The pancreases of ACM pigs contained higher mean islet volume density percentages and larger size of islets than those of AM or APM pigs. CONCLUSIONS: We isolated extremely high yields of well-functioning islets from ACM pigs bred under SPF conditions. SPF CMS miniature pigs should be one of the best porcine islet donors for clinical porcine islet xenotransplantation.     

Association of MHC class II haplotypes with reduced faecal nematode egg count and IgA activity in British Texel sheep

Nematode infection is one of the principal diseases suffered by sheep and the class II region of the MHC has been repeatedly associated with differences in susceptibility and resistance to infection. The aim of this study was to examine the association of MHC class II haplotypes in a flock of Texel sheep with faecal egg counts and antibody responsiveness. Two haplotypes carried the DRB1*11:01 allele which has previously been associated with reduced egg counts in Scottish Blackface and Suffolk sheep. One of the two haplotypes was associated with reduced egg counts in the Texel breed, and both haplotypes were associated with reduced IgA activity against an extract from fourth‐stage larvae. The reduced IgA activity is probably a consequence of reduced numbers of fourth‐stage larvae in sheep carrying the resistance allele. The association of specific MHC alleles with reduced egg counts, reduced worm numbers and decreased IgA activity provides a mechanism for the density‐dependent regulation of parasite growth and fecundity.     

Social aggregations in cattle. I. Segregation by breed in free-ranging herds

Social aggregations of free-ranging cattle were studied in the Sonoran Desert of Mexico. Cows reared with animals of their own breed in isolation from other breeds maintained segregated social groups. Cows raised together in a mixed herd containing other breeds allied themselves with herd-mates regardless of breed. Cattle of the mixed herd stayed with their peers rather than rejoining their mothers when they were placed together. Although there were breed differences in group cohesiveness among cattle raised with their own breed, social aggregations appeared to be more dependent on social history than on genetic affiliation and shared phenotype.This research was supported, in part, by a University of California:Mexus Award, US:Mexico Program. Portions of this report were presented at the XVIII Annual Meeting of the Behavior Genetics Association, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 25 June 1988.