Extubación ultra fast-track vs. convencional tras cirugía cardiaca en un centro de referencia cardiovascular en Colombia. Estudio longitudinal

Introduction

The fast track / ultra-fast-track protocols are techniques used to optimise the patient care process and a quick recovery after cardiac surgery. They are one of the mainstays of efficient practice. With their use, the length of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stays are reduced, with a direct impact on costs and the quality of the health service.

项目管理在管道护理中的实践效果评价

留置导管在为患者缓解症状的同时,也带来了非计划性拔管、导管相关性感染等问题。2015年-2018年,南方医科大学南方医院护理部组织全院各护理单元,围绕非计划性拔管、导管相关性感染和其他管路并发症三方面,从项目启动、计划、实施、控制和收尾5大阶段展开项目管理专项活动。项目管理专项活动实施以来,全院共上报管道护理项目36项,开展25项,非计划性拔管、导管相关性感染及其他并发症分别开展12项、4项和9项;非计划性拔管率、导管相关性感染发生率降低;共制定9项管道护理相关流程和指引,7个管道护理视频;护理人员工作满意度和团队凝聚力提高（P＜0.001）。下一步尝试在项目管理中引入叙事医学和磁性护理元素。     

乌拉地尔防治围拔管期心血管反应的效果观察

目的：观察乌拉地尔对围拔管期心血管反应的防治效果。方法：全麻病人40例,随机分为对照组（n=20)和观察组（n=20)。术中补足血容量,极毕达到拔管标准后,对照组静注NS 10mL;观察组静注乌拉地尔0．5mg/kg（稀释至10mL)。观察注药前、后5个时点的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）及心率和收缩压乘积（RPP）。结果：两组术前及术毕（给药前）的SBP、DBP、HR和RPP均无统计学差异。对照组在吸痰、拔管即刻及拔管后5min的SBP、DBP、HR及BPP明显高于术前及同时点观察组（P＜0．05）;治疗组在吸痰、拔管即刻及拔管5min各指标与术前比较,SBP、DBP无明显差异。而HR及RPP升高（P＜0．05）。结论：乌拉地尔对围拔管期心血管反应有一定的防治作用,但未能完全消除该反应,乌拉地尔在降低血压的同时,对抑制心率增快的效果仍不理想。     

Inspiratory pressure/maximal inspiratory pressure: does it predict successful extubation in critically ill infants and children?

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of the initial negative inspiratory pressure (PI) to maximal negative inspiratory pressure (PI_max) ratio in predicting extubation outcome for intubated infants and children.Design A prospective study. Setting: Pediatric intensive care unit.Patients A sample of 50 stable intubated pediatric patients who were judged clinically ready for extubation.Methods Using a one-way valve,PI andPI_max were measured in all patients, after which the ratioPI/PI_max was calculated and its accuracy in predicting extubation outcome evaluated.Measurements and results A total of 39 patients (78%) were successfully extubated and 11 patients (22%) were not. The meanPI/PI_max ratio was not significantly different between extubation successes (0.36±0.14) and failures (0.45±0.1) (P>0.05). The cut-off value of 0.3 forPI/PI_max identified in adult patients did not discriminate between extubation success and failure in children. Furthermore, a discriminatory cut-off value other than 0.3 could not be identified for infants and children.Conclusion ThePI/PI_max ratio cannot be used to predict extubation outcome in pediatric patients. Indices that predict extubation outcome in adults should not be extrapolated to infants and children before testing and validation.     

国产、进口乌拉地尔对全麻气管拔管心血管反应的比较观察

目的 :观察国产、进口乌拉地尔对全麻拔管期心血管反应的影响。方法 :60例无高血压病史的择期全麻手术病人随机分为 3组 ,分别为国产乌拉地尔组、进口乌拉地尔组和对照组。三组病人麻醉诱导均相同。术毕当病人符合拔管指征时 ,静注乌拉地尔 0 4mg/kg ,或等量生理盐水 (对照组 )。观察记录拔管前、拔管时、拔管后 1分钟、5分钟的SP、DP、HR ,并计算SP与HR的乘积RPP。结果 :对照组拔管后SP、DP、HR、RPP均较拔管前显著升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,尤以拔管时至拔管后 1分钟为著 (P <0 0 1)。围拔管期两组乌拉地尔组的血流动力学变化非常相似 ,SP、DP较拔管前均无明显变化 ,而HR则均明显升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,与对照组相比SP、DP和RPP的变化均明显降低(P <0 0 1)。结论 :国产乌拉地尔与进口制剂具有同等的降压效能 ,可削弱拔管期高血压反应     

自制膀胱功能康复训练器对留置导尿患者拔管效果的影响

目的:探讨自制膀胱功能康复训练器对留置导尿患者拔管效果的影响。方法:120例留置导尿患者随机分为实验组和对照组,每组60例患者。对照组患者采用留置导尿护理常规定时夹闭引流导管的方法,实验组使用自行研发的膀胱功能康复训练器训练膀胱的功能。观察两组患者的拔管成功率和护理工作量。结果:实验组患者的拔管成功率为98.3%,明显高于对照组(P<0.01);实验组的护理工作量明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:自制膀胱功能训练器能有效提高拔管成功率,减轻患者痛苦,减少护理人员的工作量。     

2009-2011年湖南省计划外生育孕产妇死亡相关特征分析

目的分析2009-2011年湖南省计划外生育孕产妇死亡相关特征,寻找减少计划外生育孕产妇死亡的可控因素,为制定计划外生育人群系统保健工作策略及政策提供理论依据。方法通过湖南省三级妇幼保健网络收集湖南省2009-2011年的孕产妇死亡资料共572例。依据计划生育情况,将其中有记录569例孕产妇死亡个案分为计划生育内、外组,分析指标包括:孕产妇的人口社会学因素、孕期保健相关因素、分娩相关特征、死亡相关特征。结果计划外生育组与计划内生育组组间比较:计划外生育组孕产妇死亡中高龄(35岁及以上)和低龄(小于20岁)构成比显著增高(χ2=78.828,P=0.000);妊娠次数(χ2=60.319,P=0.000)和分娩次数明显增多(χ2=56.887,P=0.000);产检次数明显减少,尤其是孕期从未做过产前检查者明显增加(χ2=43.793,P=0.000);分娩地点级别低,尤其是在家中及其他非法接生机构分娩者增多(χ2=29.351,P=0.000);计划外组剖宫产终止妊娠者明显减少(χ2=16.624,P=0.000);死于产科出血等直接产科原因者明显增多(χ2=23.096,P=0.000);可避免死亡构成比明显增多(χ2=13.735,P=0.001)。二组间死亡孕产妇的城乡分布、家庭年人均收入、死亡地点分布等构成比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论计划外生育死亡孕产妇特点是妊娠和分娩次数多、高龄或低龄妊娠、孕产期服务较差,产检次数少、分娩地点级别较低、产科出血等直接产科死因及可避免死亡构成比高。     

Safe extubation of a parturient using an airway exchange technique

The difficult obstetric airway is a well-recognised anaesthetic challenge but little emphasis is placed on the difficulty of performing a safe tracheal extubation. We report the use of an airway exchange technique to extubate a difficult obstetric airway and discuss the role of these techniques in the obstetric population.     

An evaluation of the impact of a tracheostomy weaning protocol on extubation time

Background:  To avoid the possible complications of prolonged intubation, it is necessary and advisable to attempt weaning from the tracheostomy tube at the earliest opportunity. However, while weaning protocols have proven successful in reducing ventilation time of critical care patients, there is little evidence of their use and impact on tracheostomy tube weaning time.
Aims:  This pilot study sought to determine if the introduction of a new tracheostomy weaning protocol would reduce the time to extubation of the tracheostomy.
Method:  A quasi-experimental design used two groups of patients. A retrospective control group of patients ( n  = 20) who had been weaned using standard practice were identified by a search of medical records. A prospective experimental group ( n  = 20) had care planned using a new tracheostomy weaning protocol. Data relating to time to extubation were collected on both groups who were all patients in an eight-bedded Critical Care Unit of a District General Hospital. The same inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to both groups.
Results:  The results revealed a reduction of 1·35 days from commencement of weaning to extubation in the prospective (experimental) group. This was not statistically significant ( P  = 0·181)
Conclusion:  Although the findings from the study were not statistically significant, they can be seen as clinically significant in terms of patient comfort and reduced dependency in care by a reduction of time with a tracheostomy. It is recommended that a larger scale study be carried out to determine if a tracheostomy weaning protocol does make an impact on length of time to extubation in wider care settings.