基于MRI动态图像观察吞咽时器官动度对头颈部肿瘤调强放疗靶区影响

目的 利用MRI技术连续采集头颈部肿瘤患者吞咽时图像,观察并测量软腭、舌、喉的运动规律及最大活动度。方法 随机选取2018年7月-10月在中国医学科学院肿瘤医院接受调强放疗的原发头颈部恶性肿瘤20例患者,其中男17例、女3例,中位年龄58.5岁(28~78岁)。20例患者中鼻咽癌7例,口腔癌3例,口咽癌5例,下咽癌3例,鼻腔鼻旁窦2例。根据AJCC第八版分期Ⅰ-Ⅱ期患者2例,Ⅲ期8例,Ⅳ期10例。结果 吞咽时软腭向上移动移动距离为(1.06±0.31) cm且服从正态分布,向后移动距离为(0.83±0.24) cm且近似正态分布。舌体向后移动距离为(0.77±0.22) cm,且服从正态分布。含压舌板行图像采集患者舌上移位移为0,无压舌板患者舌体中位上移距离为1.23 cm (0.59~1.41 cm)。喉向上移动距离为(1.14±0.22) cm且服从正态分布,向前移动的中位距离为0.4 cm (0.27~0.90 cm)。结论 吞咽运动有可能发生于头颈部肿瘤患者放疗过程中,并引起大体肿瘤体积(GTV)及周围正常组织移动;因此在制定放疗计划时应注意GTV至PGTV的个体化外放距离,以保证肿瘤处方剂量。     

采用DSA设备评价吞咽功能的初步探讨

目的:探讨运用DSA设备作吞咽功能检查的价值。材料和方法:用DSA设备对正常组24例,咽异感症患者32例,做上至颅底、下达第七颈椎平面的正侧位动态采集,了解吞咽状况,并行咽传输时间测定,进行对照研究。结果:正常对照组咽传输时间为1.441±0.302s,咽异感症患者咽传输时间为1.367±0.409s,两组结果相比统计学上无显著差异,但后者较易发生咽部钡剂滞留等改变。结论:DSA机由于采集速度快,不但在心血管检查及介入治疗方面有重要意义,而且在非血管性脏器的动力学检查中也起着一定的作用。由于能完整记录钡剂通过咽部的全过程,故此方法是吞咽功能检查的良好方法之一。     

Image processing in swallowing and speech research

An image processing system for application to studies of the temporal and spatial parameters of movement during swallowing and speech is described. Image sequences from videotape are digitized for computerized manipulation and analysis in an attempt to improve on conventional visual inspection. The system is “interactive” or “event-driven”: after executing a function, the computer waits for guidance from the user who controls the program through keyboard and mouse input, selecting options from menus and responding to prompts. The analyst alters image clarity by the application of filters and heightens contrast through video enhancement. A technique called “remapping” reduces head motion and provides uniform spatial scaling. Animated sequences of images are used, as opposed to frame-by-frame analysis, to preserve temporal context and increase efficiency of measurement. Low cost off-the-shelf personal computer hardware is used along with original software tailored to the application.     

The synchronization of respiration and swallow sounds with videofluoroscopy during swallowing

Simultaneous recording of adult subjects sipping small amounts of fluid from a cup have been obtained by videofluoroscopy together with feeding respiratory patterns and swallow sounds from the Exeter Dysphagia Assessment Technique (EDAT). These allowed visual representations of respiration and swallow sounds to be superimposed on a videofluoroscopy recording using a split-screen technique. Sequentially numbered, 1/50 sec, half-frame photographic prints were examined and schematic drawings of the relevant radiographs were made. These were superimposed on to the actual EDAT printed chart of the same swallow event, theri exact time relationship with respiration and cervical swallow sounds being preserved. The results allow events in the barium videofluoroscopy to be related to events in the feeding respiratory pattern and swallow sounds recorded by EDAT.     

Medullary control of the pontine swallowing neurones in sheep

Summary The origin of the inputs from the medullary swallowing centre (dorsal region including the nucleus of the solitary tract, or ventral region corresponding to the reticular formation surrounding the nucleus ambigous) to the pontine swallowing neurones (PSNs) was studied in sheep anaesthetized with halothane.Out of 101 PSNs located in the posterior part of the trigeminal (Vth) motor nucleus, 46 were activated by stimulating either the dorsal (21 neurones) or the ventral (25 neurones) region of the ipsilateral medullary swallowing centre, 3–4 mm rostral from the obex. Thirty-one neurones out of the 46 were identified as a motoneurones supplying swallowing muscles (mylohyoïd, anterior body of digastric and medial pterygoïd). Their average activation latency through stimulation of the dorsal medullary region was about 1 ms longer than through stimulation of the ventral region (3.63 ms±0.81 versus 2.72 ms±0.32).To determine the origin of the medullary input to the PSNs, we tried to activate the medullary swallowing neurones (MSNs) antidromically through stimulating the posterior part of the Vth motor nucleus, which contains the swallowing motoneurones. Seventy-three MSNs were tested (25 located in the dorsal and 48 in the ventral region). None of the dorsal neurones tested could be antidromically activated by pontine stimulation: 15 ventral neurones showed a clear antidromic response (collision test) with an average latency of 2.5 ms±0.73. These neurones, which send their axons into the pons, were all located in the reticular formation, above the nucleus ambiguus, 3–4 mm rostral from the obex.These results suggest that MSNs in the ventral reticular formation connect the medullary swallowing centre to the Vth motor nucleus. They also suggest that during swallowing, inputs originating from the dorsal region of the medullary centre (interneurones programming the motor sequence) are relayed in the ventral region (reticular formation adjacent to the nucleus ambiguus) before reaching the PSNs.This work was supported, in part, by grants from CNRS (LA 205), INRA and M.R.I. (82 E 0685)     

Anatomy of the hyoid apparatus in odontoceli (toothed whales): Specializations of their skeleton and musculature compared with those of terrestrial mammals

Background: The hyoid apparatus of odontocetes (toothed whales) serves as a major attachment point for many of the muscles and ligaments subserving breathing, swallowing, and sound production. Methods: This study examines the hyoid apparatus in 48 specimens of ten odontocete genera (Phocoena, Lagenorhynchus, Stenella, Delphinus, Tursiops, Grampus, Globicephala, Mesoplodon, Physeter, and Kogia) collected post mortem from beach strandings. Results: The odontocete hyoid apparatus, as that of their closest terrestrial relatives, the artiodactyls, is divisible into a basal portion (bashyal, paired thyrohyals) and a suspensory portion (paired ceratohyals, epihyals, stylohyals, and tympanohyals) connecting the basal portion to the skull base. Unlike other terrestrial mammals, the basal portion lies inferior to the laryngeal aditus, is flattened dorso-ventrally, and is relatively large, thus providing a broad surface area for muscle attachments. The suspensory elements are not as flattened and are joined by synovial joints (except for epihyal-stylohyal fusion). Muscular specializations include enlargement of those which retract the hyoid apparatus (e.g., sternohyoid) or control the tongue (e.g., styloglossus, hyoglossus). These muscles may be particularly important in a specialized prey capture behavior called suction feeding. In addition, the hyoid apparatus has a tilted placement, which allows asymmetrical enlargement of the piriform sinuses. Asymmetry is also seen in the muscular attachment between the larynx and the hyoid apparatus. The most pronounced differences from the basic pattern are observed in two families: Physeteridae and Ziphiidae. Conclusions: The derived position and shape of the odontocete hyoid apparatus may have evolved to subserve several specialized upper respiratory/digestive tract functions, such as simultaneous feeding (suction and swallowing) and sound production. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dysphagia in Parkinson's disease: Pharyngeal manometry and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation

ObjectiveDysphagia is a common symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) and it represents a negative prognostic factor because of its complications. This study is to evaluate pharyngeal dysphagia for boluses of various consistencies with Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) and Pharyngeal High-Resolution Manometry (PHRM) in a group of PD patients, making a comparison between the information provided by the two exams.MethodsGroup of 20 patients affected by PD was selected and initially subjected to a qualitative evaluation of the swallowing performing FEES. Subsequently, they were evaluated by PHRM to identify quantitative measures associated with pressures expressed by pharyngeal organs during swallowing. Values obtained in the study group were compared with those recorded in a group of 20 healthy subjects.ResultsStudy showed that Pmax (the maximum pressure elicited by the single pharyngeal muscle structures involved in swallowing) was significantly lower than the control group (p<0.05) for all the boluses and consistency tested, in particular for the Tongue base and the Cricopharyngeal muscle. Pmean pre-swallowing pressure (represents the mean value of a contraction in which basal and maximal pressure where normally calculated) was significantly higher compared to normal subjects for the Tongue base and the Cricopharyngeal muscle (p<0.05). Mean intra-swallowing pressure was higher for the Velopharynx and the Cricopharyngeal muscle, but lower for the tongue base. Pmax and Pmean at PHRM were altered independently to the degree of dysphagia detected at FEES, and they did not correlate either with the location of the residue or with the type of bolus. Images displayed at the FEES, found the corresponding biomechanical explanations in the PHRM, which also allowed us to quantify the extent of the dysfunction, through the calculation of the pressures generated in the various structures studied.ConclusionPHRM is particularly useful in the early detection of dysphagia, when FEES may still show no evidence of abnormal swallowing.     

冰冻棉棒涂擦刺激法用于脑卒中吞咽障碍早期护理的效果观察

目的：观察冰冻棉棒涂擦刺激法用于脑卒中吞咽障碍早期护理的效果。方法将86例脑卒中并发吞咽障碍患者，按住院号尾数分为观察组46例（单数）、对照组40例（双数），为两组患者制订详细的早期活动计划和方法。对照组进行常规训练护理30d，观察组患者在进行常规训练护理基础上结合咽部冷刺激30d，观察两组患者治疗前后吞咽障碍改变的程度，误吸的发生数及并发症发生率。结果观察组治疗前后的饮水试验结果、临床疗效均优于对照组。结论冰冻棉棒涂擦刺激法用于脑卒中吞咽障碍早期护理，能促进患者吞咽功能恢复，减少并发症发生。