多模态隐喻视角下的中医闻声法

多模态隐喻是跨学科交叉研究的热点,在隐喻的构建与识别中发挥重要作用。声音作为非语言模态之一,其作用主要在于激活源域、识别从源域到目标域的映射关系。中医四诊之闻声法,即是通过声音获取信息用于诊治,古代学者运用象声词、比喻、设置发声场景等方式记录声音。从多模态隐喻的角度,对中医古籍中记载的声音进行举例分析,展示声音在隐喻构建中对中医临床思维的影响,为中医多模态隐喻研究提供一个新视角。     

健康人群的肺部听诊情况调查及结果分析

目的：获得正常健康人群肺部听诊结果分布情况。方法用专用肺部听诊设备对1896名健康成人行肺部听诊并录音,由呼吸专业医师根据录音判断肺部听诊情况。肺部听诊采集录取肺部喉部、左上、右上、左中、右中、左下、右下、左后、右后9个部位肺音。统计分析各部位啰音分布百分比。结果符合入选条件者1450人,9个听诊部位全部正常者1014人(69.9%),至少有1个部位听诊有啰音者436人(30.06%),至少有2个部位有啰音者190人(13.10%),至少有3个部位有啰音者81人(占5.58%)；出现干啰音比例由高至低依次为：左上(13.4%)、左中和左后(1.4%)、喉部和右上和左下(1.2%)、右下(1.0%)、右后(0.9%)；湿啰音比例由高至低依次为：右下(6.6%)、左后(5.9%)、右中(5.8%)、左下(5.1%)、右后(2.8%)、喉部(2.1%)、右上(1.9%)、左上(0.8%)；左中、右下和左后同时具有干啰音和湿啰音各2例(0.1%)。各听诊部位间听诊啰音分布及听诊部位间啰音分布情况差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。结论健康成人肺部啰音并非少见,其临床意义有待进一步研究。     

对胎心电子监护和间歇性胎心听诊的重新审视

20世纪50年代之前,间歇性胎心听诊(intermittent aus-cultation,IA)是产时胎心监护的主要方法。自50年代末至60年代初,胎儿电子监护(electronic fetal monitoring,EFM)进入了研究阶段。最初,这一技术被应用于高危孕妇的产程中,20世纪70年代,在通过随机对照试验证实它的效用之前,EFM在临床上的运用即迅速扩张;到80年代,EFM在欧美等发达     

Detection of the third heart sound using a tailored wavelet approach: Method verification

Heart sounds can be considered as mechanical fingerprints of myocardial function. The third heart sound normally occurs in children but disappears with maturation. The sound can also appear in patients with heart failure. The sound is characterised by its low-amplitude and low-frequency content, which makes it difficult to identify by the traditional use of the stethoscope. A wavelet-based method has recently been developed for detection of the third heart sound. This study investigated if the third heart sound could be identified in patients with heart failure using this detection method. The method was also compared with auscultation using conventional phonocardiography and with characterisation of the patients with echocardiography. In the first study, 87% of the third heart sounds were detected using the wavelet method, 12% were missed, and 6% were false positive. In study 2, the waveletdetection method identified 87% of the patients using the third heart sound, and regular phonocardiography identified two (25%) of the subjects.     

The need for standards in recording and analysing respiratory sounds

Respiratory sounds (RSs) recorded from the chest and trachea are nowadays being electronically analysed by many investigators with a view to (i) determining the mechanisms of their production, and (ii) to develop automated diagnostic systems based on RS analysis, that objectively categorise RS as being associated with health or respiratory diseases. However, one problem that hampers this type of research is that almost every RS investigation team uses different equipment, protocols and analysis methods which, to varying degrees, makes inter-investigator results difficult to compare. The review first discusses the many variables involved in RS recording and analysis, and the different approaches used by different investigators, to highlight this problem and its consequences. Secondly, although the review cannot propose immediately acceptable guidelines and standards for RS analysis, it proposes a ‘seed’ set of guidelines that are ‘up for discussion’ between investigators in the field, the final goal being to inject a degree of standardisation in equipment and methods that are acceptable to all involved.     

纤维支气管镜判断三种方法联合应用于双腔支气管导管就位的准确率

目的以纤维支气管镜（FOB）判断联合应用听诊法、气道压力变化法及PETCO2波形法在双腔支气管导管（DLT）就位的准确率。方法选择胸科麻醉手术患者60例,静脉诱导后插入RobertshawDLT。通过三种方法联合应用调整导管位置达到标准后用FOB判断RobertshawDLT就位的准确率。结果平卧位时,DLT就位满意率为95%;侧卧位后,DLT就位满意率为93.4%。结论三种方法联合应用明显提高DLT就位满意率,但FOB仍是确定DLT位置的金标准。     

左侧开胸术时主导管位置听诊法用于Univent导管的定位

目的评价主导管位置听诊法用于Univent导管定位的效果。方法60例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级的患者,随机均分为三组,纤维支气管镜(FOB)组、主导管位置听诊(FS)组、推荐法插管(RIT)组。记录插管时间、堵塞导管试插的次数(FOB组除外)、主导管到隆突的距离、堵塞气囊充气量和位置分级、术中单肺通气时间,术毕检查气管黏膜损伤情况并评分。结果FS组堵塞导管均一次插入左侧,RIT组25%一次插入左侧。FS组插管时间比FOB组和RIT组短(P<0.05)。RIT组堵塞气囊充气量比FS组多,堵塞气囊位置评分比FOB组高(P<0.05)。黏膜损伤三组差异无统计学意义。结论FS法Univent导管定位较快速、准确,RIT法定位准确性较差,易出现过深、过浅的问题。     

Computerised analysis of auscultatory sounds associated with vascular patency of haemodialysis access

Vascular access for renal dialysis is a lifeline for about 120 000 individuals in the United States. Stethoscope auscultation of vascular sounds has some utility in the assessment of access patency, yet can be highly skill-dependent. The objective of the study was to identify acoustic parameters that are related to changes in vascular access patency. The underlying hypothesis is that stenoses of haemodialysis access vessels or grafts cause vascular sound changes that are detectable using computerised data acquisition and analysis. Eleven patients participated in the study. Their vascular sounds were recorded before and after angiography, which was accompanied by angioplasty in most patients. The sounds were acquired using two electronic stethoscopes and then digitised and analysed on a personal computer. Vessel stenosis changes were found to be associated with changes in acoustic amplitude and/or spectral energy distribution. Certain acoustic parameters correlated well (correlation coefficient=0.98, p<0.0001) with the change in the degree of stenosis, suggesting that stenosis severity may be predictable from these parameters. Parameters also appeared to be sensitive to modest diameter changes (>20%), (p<0.005, Wilcoxon rank sum test). These results suggest that computerised analysis of vascular sounds may be useful in vessel patency surveillance. Further testing using longitudinal studies may be warranted.     

Diagnosing Aortic Valve Stenosis by Parameter Extraction of Heart Sound Signals

The objective of this study was to develop an automatic signal analysis system for heart sound diagnosis. This should support the general practitioner in discovering aortic valve stenoses at an early stage to avoid or decrease the number of surgical interventions. The applied analysis method is based on classification of heart sound signals utilising parameter extraction. From the wavelet decomposition of a representative heart cycle as well as from the Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) and the Wavelet Transform (WT) spectra new time series were derived. In several segments, parameters were extracted and analysed. In addition, features of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the raw signal were examined. In this study, 206 patients were enrolled, 159 with no heart valve disease or any other heart valve disease but aortic valve stenosis and 47 suffering from aortic valve stenosis in a mild, moderate or severe stage. To separate the groups, a linear discriminant function analysis was applied leading to a reduced parameter set. The introduced two classification stage (CS) system for automatic detection of aortic valve stenoses achieves a high sensitivity of 100% for moderate and severe aortic valve stenosis and a sensitivity of 75% for mild aortic valve stenosis. A specificity of 93.7% for patients without aortic valve stenosis is provided. The developed method is robust, cost effective and easy to use, and could, therefore, be a suitable method to diagnose aortic valve stenosis by general practitioners.