The role of orthodontics in management of obstructive sleep apnea

Dental sleep medicine is the field of dental practice that deals with the management of sleep-related breathing disorders, which includes obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in adults and children. Depending on the developmental age of the patient and the cause of the apnea dental treatment options may vary. For adult patients, treatment modalities may include oral appliance therapy (OAT), orthognathic surgery and surgical or miniscrew supported palatal expansion. While for children, treatment may include non-surgical maxillary expansion and orthodontic functional appliances. Many physicians and dentists are unaware of the role dentistry, particularly orthodontics, may play in the interdisciplinary management of these disorders. This review article is an attempt to compile evidence-based relevant information on the role of orthodontists/sleep dentists in the screening, diagnosis, and management of sleep apnea. Oral sleep appliance mechanisms of action, selective efficacy, and the medical physiological outcomes are discussed. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of how orthodontists and sleep physicians can work in tandem to maximize the benefits and minimize the side effects while treating patients with OSA.     

心力衰竭患者甲状腺功能减退与睡眠呼吸障碍的相关性分析

目的探讨心力衰竭患者中甲状腺功能减退者睡眠呼吸障碍的临床特征及两者的相关性。方法连续纳入2019年8~12月就诊于北京阜外医院行甲状腺功能检测及睡眠呼吸监测的182例心力衰竭患者。根据甲状腺功能检测结果分为甲状腺功能减退组45例和非甲状腺功能减退组137例。比较两组患者的睡眠呼吸监测的相关指标,多元logistic回归分析甲状腺功能减退与睡眠呼吸障碍的相关性。结果甲状腺功能减退组女性患者比例、体重指数较非甲状腺功能减退组高(P<0.05)。两组多导睡眠监测的结果,甲状腺功能减退组睡眠平均血氧饱和度较非甲状腺功能减退组低(P=0.027)。甲状腺功能减退组睡眠低通气发生次数较非甲状腺功能减退组显著增多(P=0.01)。但甲状腺功能减退与睡眠呼吸暂停无相关性(P=0.533)。结论在心力衰竭患者中,甲状腺功能减退的患者睡眠平均血氧饱和度更低,并且夜间低通气次数更多。     

Diagnostic approaches to respiratory abnormalities in craniofacial syndromes

Craniofacial syndromes are a complex cluster of genetic conditions characterized by embryonic perturbations in the developmental trajectory of the upper airway and related structures. The presence of reduced airway size and maladaptive neuromuscular responses, particularly during sleep, leads to significant alterations in sleep architecture and overall detrimental gas exchange abnormalities that can be life-threatening. The common need for multi-stage therapeutic interventions for these craniofacial problems requires careful titration of anatomy and function, and the latter is currently evaluated by overnight polysomnography in sleep laboratories. The cost, inconvenience, and scarcity of pediatric sleep laboratories preclude the frequent evaluations that could optimize the overall process of treatment and corresponding outcomes. Here, we critically examine reductionist approaches to polysomnography in children to establish the parallel approximation of such techniques to infant with craniofacial disorders. The need for prospective longitudinal multicenter studies with side-by-side comparisons aimed at identifying an optimal diagnostic and long-term monitoring paradigm for these potentially life-threatening conditions is emphasized.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停中环路增益的测量方法及其临床意义

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSA）的发病由解剖学因素与非解剖学因素共同参与，以往认为OSA与上气道解剖学相关的阻塞关系最为密切，近年来，非解剖学因素的作用越来越受到研究者重视。OSA治疗效果的非解剖学因素包括咽部临界压、低觉醒阈值、高环路增益（LG）和上气道扩张肌功能异常4个方面，即著名的PALM理论。通过监测分析PALM各项因素在发病中的权重有利于指导个体化治疗。LG即PALM中的"L"，是一种测量呼吸控制系统负反馈回路的增益或灵敏度的方法，旨在计算增加一定的呼吸驱动力能带来多大通气量。高LG可诱发低碳酸血症和抑制上气道呼吸驱动力，从而加重OSA的严重程度。本文详细介绍了OSA中LG的测量方法及其临床意义。     

儿童腺样体肥大致肺动脉高压3例并右心导管检查分析

目的：分析近年来收治的肺高血压合并腺样体肥大致睡眠呼吸暂停综合症病例的临床资料,为临床诊治提供经验。方法：对武汉亚洲心脏病医院自2012年至2014年收治的肺高血压病例的临床资料及随访结果进行回顾性分析,其中3例为腺样体肥大致睡眠呼吸暂停综合症并肺高血压。结果：3例右心导管结果mPAP 33.33±10.06mmHg,PVR1015±606.66(dyn.s.cm-5),经治疗后复查活动能力均明显改善,心功能改善。结论：腺样体肥大致肺高血压行病因治疗联合靶向药物波生坦口服安全有效。     

主动脉夹层与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征关系的临床研究

目的:研究主动脉夹层与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的关系。方法:回顾分析41例合并高血压的主动脉夹层患者的临床资料,设为主动脉夹层组,并选取41例具有年龄、性别及体质量指数相近的高血压患者作为对照组,分析OSAHS与主动脉夹层之间的关系。结果:夹层组的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征发病率较对照组明显升高(P0.05),且夹层组合并OSAHS者睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)较对照组升高,平均Sa O2降低(P0.05)。结论:主动脉夹层的发生与睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征可能有关。     

3-8岁阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征儿童性激素水平的初步研究

目的检测3-8岁阻塞性睡眠暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea-bypopnea sgn-drome,OSAHS）儿童血清性激素水平,探讨其性激素变化与下丘脑—垂体—性腺轴（hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis,HPGA）启动的关系。方法以76例3-8岁符合 OSAHS 的儿童和40例3-8岁健康儿童为研究对象,检测血清睾酮（T）、雌二醇（E2）、卵泡刺激素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LH）及催乳素（PRL）水平,对其 HPGA 启动、体格发育情况进行对比,分析性别、低氧、体重指数（BMI）与性激素水平之间的关系。结果OSAHS 组儿童身高、体重水平明显低于对照组（P ＜0．05）,E2水平明显高于对照组（P ＜0．01）。OSAHS 组男童 FSH 水平明显低于对照组（P ＜0.01）。OSAHS 组女童 FSH 水平明显高于 OSAHS 组男童（P ＜0．01）。结论OSAHS 可能影响儿童身高、体重,OSAHS 可能影响 E2、FSH 的分泌,3-8岁 OS-AHS 儿童体内雌激素的负反馈调节敏感性高,HPGA 尚未启动。