Fluoroscopy: An essential diagnostic modality in the age of high-resolution cross-sectional imaging

The importance of fluoroscopy as an imaging modality has been minimized relative to other cross-sectional modalities, including high-resolution computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound. Fluoroscopy examinations have decreased in clinical practice due to reduced appreciation of its usefulness, insufficient training of residents, fewer staff with adequate expertise, and poor reimbursements relative to other modalities. We revisit and build upon the prior literature and history of this decreased utilization. We then seek to prove continued value, through categorized examples and within multiple subspecialties, wherein fluoroscopy plays an integral part toward clinical diagnoses as well as optimizing patient outcomes. This is particularly true for motility and esophageal disorders, where structure and function with real-time evaluation is essential.  We additionally show several post-operative cases where the synergy of fluoroscopy with CT and endoscopy is apparent.  The fluoroscopic radiologist also has the unique ability to vary patient positioning, as opposed to traditional CT or MRI, where orthogonal views are employed without positional or temporal changes. We turn attention to the modern era, with synergistic and novel cases demonstrating that fluoroscopy remains instrumental toward achieving a diagnosis alongside other modalities. Our cases stress the need to maintain expertise in fluoroscopy skill, and underline its continued importance in residency training programs.  We conclude that fluoroscopy is a relatively inexpensive modality that is often under-appreciated in diagnostic radiology. We suggest that competency in fluoroscopy is crucial for future generations of radiologists to both work with their peers, as well as to aid clinicians in the optimal treatment of patients.     

腹部推拿按摩对产后子宫复旧疗效的观察

目的 研究腹部推拿按摩对产后子宫复旧的疗效。方法 选择2016 年9 月～2019 年3 月我院收治的200 例顺产产妇，根据抽签法将产妇随机分为A、B 两组，每组各100 例。A 组采用腹部推拿按摩的治疗方法，B 组不做特殊处理，使其自然康复。观察至产后42 d，比较两组产妇的产后宫底下降情况、排尿时间、肛门排气时间及恶露干净时间等指标，并比较两组产妇生产1 周后的子宫总复旧率。结果 A 组产妇产后平均宫底高度为（10.07±1.34）cm，低于B 组的（16.37±2.42）cm，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。A 组产妇产后排尿时间（8.65±1.13）h、肛门排气时间（30.16±5.16）h，分别短于B 组的（15.46±1.44）h、（37.90±7.45）h，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。A 组产妇产后恶露干净时间为（12.67±1.64）d，短于B 组的（21.57±2.30）d，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；A 组产妇产后子宫总复旧率为99.00%，高于B 组的85.00%，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 产后对产妇采取腹部推拿按摩治疗，能有效促进子宫收缩、及时排出恶露、防止组织残留，同时可缩短排尿及肛门排气时间、防止尿潴留、减少产后出血，有利于子宫复旧，具有较高的临床价值。     

Abdominal radiograph preliminary clinical evaluation image test bank project

IntroductionLiterature documenting preliminary clinical evaluation (PCE) commonly focuses on the evaluation of musculoskeletal radiographs. Despite this, the professional body suggest that a diagnostic radiographer should be able to provide a PCE for any radiograph.MethodsAn image bank of 30 abdominal radiographs was designed comprising of 17 abnormal cases with a range of pathologies which one could expect to encounter in the emergency department (ED). Participants' were asked to select one of four taxonomies to represent their PCE for each radiograph. Participants' answers were compared to a gold standard PCE taxonomy based on the radiological report. Inferential statistics were applied to assess for any significant different in accuracy between NHS pay bands of the participants.ResultsOn average participants selected an abdominal radiograph PCE taxonomy with a sensitivity of 75.2% and a specificity of 75.7%. Whilst band 7 radiographers selected the most accurate abdominal radiograph PCE and had the highest area under curve (AUC), no significant difference was found in the PCE categorisation of abdominal radiographs by radiographers of all pay bands.ConclusionParticipants' have shown good sensitivity in recognising prominent findings on abdominal radiographs. This sensitivity is however reduced when assessing less obvious radiographic appearances, illustrating areas where additional training would be beneficial. The study provides evidence towards the consideration of an expansion of current practice regarding the implementation of a scheme of abdominal radiograph PCE. Further research with a larger cohort of participants' and a lower abnormal case prevalence would be beneficial to the limited research base.     

Contraindication and End Point of Gastrografin Trial in Adhesive Small Bowel Obstruction

It is important to know the contraindication and end point of Gastrografin trial in adhesive small bowel obstruction.     

腹型过敏性紫癜45例临床分析

背景与目的:过敏性紫癜(HSP)是一种小血管受累的多系统血管炎性疾病,可累及皮肤、关节、胃肠道、肾脏等多个部位,临床表现缺乏特异性,在胃肠道症状先于紫癜样皮疹出现的患者中,诊断更加困难。本研究总结分析腹型HSP的临床特点和诊治经验,旨在提高对该病的早期认识。方法:回顾性分析2012年1月-2018年1月在中南大学湘雅医院收治的以腹痛为主要表现的45例HSP患者的临床资料。结果:45例腹型HSP患者中男34例,女11例,男女比3.1:1;平均发病年龄(31.1±18.6)岁,以18岁以下青少年居多;最常见的发病季节为秋冬两季。24例(53.3%)以腹痛为首发表现,部位以中上腹部多见,以阵发性绞痛为主,14例(31.1%)以紫癜样皮疹为首发表现,5例(11.1%)腹痛和皮疹同时出现,其他伴随症状有恶心、呕吐、便血、腹胀以及双膝关节疼痛等。实验室检查中,白细胞计数升高32例(71.1%),其中以中性粒细胞升高为主;尿蛋白阳性13例(28.9%)、尿红细胞阳性13例(28.9%)、白蛋白降低35例(77.8%)、C反应蛋白升高(CRP)27例(60.0%)、大便隐血试验阳性33例(73.3%)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)升高4例(16.0%);32例行食物不耐受检查,其中含有食物过敏原19例(59.4%),以异种蛋白为主。33例(73.3%)行胃镜检查,病变主要累及十二指肠球降部以及胃窦,26例(57.8%)行肠镜检查,病变主要累及回肠末端,3例(6.7%)行小肠镜检查,病变主要累及回肠中下段;内镜下主要表现为胃肠黏膜的充血水肿及片状糜烂,少数伴有溃疡形成。7例(15.6%)行腹部CT,均表现为肠壁增厚,少数伴有腹膜后及肠系膜淋巴结肿大。12例(26.7%)行病理活检,提示为黏膜非特异性炎症,部分可见嗜酸性粒细胞和浆细胞浸润。所有患者诊断明确后给予综合治疗,40例(88.9%)予以糖皮质激素治疗,消化道症状和皮疹均可得到明显缓解。6例(13.3%)复发,复发时间1~24个月不等。结论:腹型HSP皮疹往往晚于胃肠道症状出现,缺乏特异性症状和体征,容易误诊,临床上可以早期行胃肠镜检查,以提高对该疾病的诊断及认识。     

Hepatic abscess: Sensitivity of imaging tests and clinical findings

The imaging studies of 63 patients with hepatic abscess were evaluated to determine the sensitivity of specific imaging tests and define causes of false-negative test results. Computed tomography (CT) detected 57 of 59 (97%) separate episodes of hepatic abscess. The two false-negative CT examinations were in patients with a diffuse low-density pattern throughout the liver. The radionuclide (RN) examination detected 16 of 20 (80%) cases, missing abscesses less than 2 cm in diameter. Ultrasound detected 33 of 42 (79%) cases, missing abscesses in the dome of the liver, small abscesses, and 2 large early abscesses. For all three imaging modalities, a specific diagnosis of abscess was possible only in those patients in whom CT scans demonstrated abscess gas (15%). The results of the imaging studies were correlated with the patients' clinical condition and laboratory findings. Thirty-one percent of patients were afebrile while 23% had normal white blood cell counts. Thirteen percent had totally normal liver function tests. We conclude that the clinical absence of fever, leukocytosis, or elevated liver function tests does not permit exclusion of the diagnosis of hepatic abscess. A CT scan is highly specific in excluding the diagnosis of hepatic abscess in the absence of diffuse liver disease. In this retrospective study CT was the most sensitive imaging modality available for the detection of hepatic abscess.     

老年患者择期开腹手术后感染风险因素分析

目的探讨老年患者择期开腹手术后发生感染并发症的危险因素。方法对2010年5月至2012年2月期间笔者所在医院收治的159例接受择期开腹手术的老年患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。其中38例（23.90％）术后出现感染并发症（感染组）,121例无感染并发症（无感染组）,比较2组患者术前相关生理学指标、健康状况指标、手术指标以及术后感染并发症及死亡情况的差异。结果本组159例患者术后感染并发症发生率为23.90％（38／159）;术后死亡2例,术后病死率为1.26％。单因素及多因素logistic回归分析结果提示,患者术前的营养风险、糖尿病史和慢性呼吸系统疾病是术后感染并发症的独立危险因素。结论术前改善老年患者肺部疾病、糖尿病及营养状态,可能对降低术后感染并发症发生率有益。     

Emphysematous cholecystitis: pitfalls in its plain film diagnosis

The clinical and radiographic findings of emphysematous cholecystitis are usually characteristic. However, on occasion the radiographic findings may be simulated by other processes. In such circumstances accurate diagnosis can usually be rapidly established by a variety of simple radio-graphic maneuvers and procedures. Five illustrative cases are presented herein and the pertinent literature is reviewed.     

Iterative reconstruction reduces abdominal CT dose

Objective

In medical imaging, lowering radiation dose from computed tomography scanning, without reducing diagnostic performance is a desired achievement. Iterative image reconstruction may be one tool to achieve dose reduction. This study reports the diagnostic performance using a blending of 50% statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) and filtered back projection reconstruction (FBP) compared to standard FBP image reconstruction at different dose levels for liver phantom examinations.

Methods

An anthropomorphic liver phantom was scanned at 250, 185, 155, 140, 120 and 100 mA s, on a 64-slice GE Lightspeed VCT scanner. All scans were reconstructed with ASIR and FBP. Four readers evaluated independently on a 5-point scale 21 images, each containing 32 test sectors. In total 672 areas were assessed. ROC analysis was used to evaluate the differences.

Results

There was a difference in AUC between the 250 mA s FBP images and the 120 and 100 mA s FBP images. ASIR reconstruction gave a significantly higher diagnostic performance compared to standard reconstruction at 100 mA s.

Conclusion

A blending of 50–90% ASIR and FBP may improve image quality of low dose CT examinations of the liver, and thus give a potential for reducing radiation dose.     

经腹与经阴道超声检查对异位妊娠诊断价值的比较

目的　探讨经阴道彩色多普勒超声对输卵管妊娠的诊断价值。方法　回顾分析我院 2 0 0 3年 1月至 2 0 0 4年 6月经腹超声 (TAS)和经阴道超声 (TVS)并经手术和病理证实的输卵管妊娠 5 6例。结果　TVS探及滋养动脉血流 36例 ,术前TAS诊断符合率 71.4 % ,TVS诊断符合率 85 .7% ,经统计学处理 ,TVS和TAS检测输卵管妊娠的符合率差异有显著意义 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　经阴道彩色多普勒超声检查是提高输卵管妊娠检出率的有效方法 ,比经腹超声具有更大的临床应用价值。