卢氏县中药材生产统计与优势品种连翘产业发展分析

目的 对卢氏县中药材种植面积、种类，连翘种植情况，中药材产业发展现状进行分析，为卢氏县中药材发展提供参考数据。方法 梳理各级政府及媒体官方发布的文件、报告数据，以及中国中药协会中药区划与生产统计专业委员会抽样调查数据，对卢氏县2021年中药材整体情况及连翘种植情况进行多维分析。结果 抽样调查显示，卢氏县中药材种植总面积为69.76万亩（1亩≈666.67 m²），其中连翘种植总面积52.41万亩，占总面积的74.74%，种植区域几乎遍布各个乡镇，文峪乡、徐家湾乡、范里镇连翘种植面积分别占总种植面积的19.48%、12.46%、8.13%。连翘的种植面积在空间上呈现随机分布特征。结论 研究结果从各方面基本能客观反映出卢氏县药材种植整体现状，作为连翘之乡的连翘种植产业呈健康发展态势。统计结果为卢氏县中药材产业发展提供数据支撑。     

Production of tongue twisters by speakers with partial glossectomy

A partial glossectomy can affect speech production. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of the presence of a tumour as well as the glossectomy surgery on the patients’ production of tongue twisters with the sounds [t] and [k]. Fifteen patients with tongue cancer and 10 healthy controls took part in the study. The outcome measures were the patients’ speech acceptability, rate of errors, the time needed to produce the tongue twisters, pause duration between item repetitions and the tongue shape during the production of the consonants [t] and [k] before and after surgery. The patients’ speech acceptability deteriorated after the surgery. Compared to controls, the patients’ productions of the tongue twisters were slower but not more errorful. Following the surgery, their speed of production did not change, but the rate of errors was higher. Pause duration between items was longer in the patients than in the controls but did not increase from before to after surgery. Analysis of the patients’ tongue shapes for the productions of [t] and [k] indicated a higher elevation following the surgery for the patients with flap reconstructions. The results demonstrated that the surgical resection of the tongue changed the error rate but not the speed of production for the patient. The differences in pause duration also indicate that the tumour and the surgical resection of the tongue may impact the phonological planning of the tongue twister.     

Effect of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Pimpinella anisum L. Seeds on Milk Production in Rats

Pimpinella anisum L. (P. anisum) is used as a galactagogue in traditional medicine; hence, the effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. anisum seeds on milk production in rats was evaluated. The milk production was assessed by measuring the pups' weights during the suckling period. The intraperitoneal LD₅₀ values of P. anisum aqueous and ethanolic extracts were 4.93 and 3.77 g/kg, respectively. The aqueous (1 g/kg) and ethanolic extracts (1 g/kg) increased the milk production significantly (p < 0.001), with about 68.1% and 81% more milk being produced, respectively, than in the control group. The pups gained weight during the study period with the aqueous (0.5 and 1 g/kg, p < 0.05) and ethanolic (0.5 and 1 g/kg, p < 0.01) extracts. Thus, P. anisum aqueous and ethanolic extracts can increase milk production in rats.     

Breast cancer and circadian disruption from electric lighting in the modern world

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide, and there is only a limited explanation of why. Risk is highest in the most industrialized countries but also is rising rapidly in the developing world. Known risk factors account for only a portion of the incidence in the high‐risk populations, and there has been considerable speculation and many false leads on other possibly major determinants of risk, such as dietary fat. A hallmark of industrialization is the increasing use of electricity to light the night, both within the home and without. It has only recently become clear that this evolutionarily new and, thereby, unnatural exposure can disrupt human circadian rhythmicity, of which three salient features are melatonin production, sleep, and the circadian clock. A convergence of research in cells, rodents, and humans suggests that the health consequences of circadian disruption may be substantial. An innovative experimental model has shown that light at night markedly increases the growth of human breast cancer xenografts in rats. In humans, the theory that light exposure at night increases breast cancer risk leads to specific predictions that are being tested epidemiologically: evidence has accumulated on risk in shift workers, risk in blind women, and the impact of sleep duration on risk. If electric light at night does explain a portion of the breast cancer burden, then there are practical interventions that can be implemented, including more selective use of light and the adoption of recent advances in lighting technology and application. CA Cancer J Clin 2014;64:207–218. ^© 2013 American Cancer Society.     

Progress towards glucagon receptor antagonist therapy for Type 2 diabetes

Peptidal glucagon receptor antagonists and antiglucagon monoclonal antibodies lower glucose levels in diabetic rodent models, suggesting a potential to treat hyperglycaemia in Type 2 diabetics through the inhibition of glucagon function. Several research groups have discovered small molecule glucagon antagonists from multiple chemical series and at least one has been clinically evaluated. Although multiple compounds have blocked the rise in blood glucose levels in response to a glucagon challenge, no preclinical or clinical efficacy data from chronic studies have been reported. In general, drug candidate potency, pharmacokinetics, physical properties and cross-species potency have hindered progress and preclinical efficacy assessment. Recently, antisense oligonucleotides against the glucagon receptor have been described, providing a guiding post for the type of activity a small molecule glucagon antagonist may possess, as well as offering a potential therapeutic strategy.     

Time estimation and amnesia: A case study

Abstract

The present experiment investigates the ability of an amnesic patient (AC) to estimate three durations (5, 14 or 38 s) in two different temporal tasks (reproduction and production). In the reproduction task, AC and control subjects first had to encode one of the three durations and then to reproduce it. In the production task, they were asked to produce one of the three durations given in chronometric units. AC's performance showed a clear dissociation according to the tasks and the durations. His productions of the three durations and his reproductions of 5 s did not differ from those of the controls, whilst his reproductions of longer durations (14 and 38 s) were systematic underestimations. The results suggest that reproduction involves a long-term storage in episodic memory for durations exceeding the short-term memory capacity, whereas production of durations given in chronometric units involves semantic memory, which contains the representation of several durations, and working memory, which permits the maintenance of temporal information throughout each trial.     

Bidirectional perception–production relations in phonological development: evidence from positional neutralization

Many children who neutralize phonemic contrasts in production exhibit diminished perception of the same contrasts. It is usually difficult to determine whether the perception deficit caused the production error, or vice versa; however, the direction of causation has implications for treatment planning. This study examines perception–production relationships in the phenomenon of neutralization in strong position, where children neutralize only in perceptually salient contexts. To test a hypothesis that this phenomenon arises from a child-specific pattern of perceptual sensitivity, a non-word discrimination task was administered to a 4-year-old boy with neutralization in strong position in production. Contrary to the perceptual hypothesis, his discrimination accuracy was greatest for contrasts in initial/strong position, where his production errors occurred. Independent of position, however, his perception of a phonemic contrast he neutralized was decreased relative to other contrasts. This case is argued to constitute evidence that a primary production deficit can cause decreased perceptual ability.     

A normative-speaker validation study of two indices developed to quantify tongue dorsum activity from midsagittal tongue shapes

This study reported adult scores on two measures of tongue shape, based on midsagittal tongue shape data from ultrasound imaging. One of the measures quantified the extent of tongue dorsum excursion, and the other measure represented the place of maximal excursion. Data from six adult speakers of Scottish Standard English without speech disorders were analyzed. The stimuli included a range of consonants in consonant–vowel sequences, with the vowels /a/ and /i/. The measures reliably distinguished between articulations with and without tongue dorsum excursion, and produced robust results on lingual coarticulation of the consonants. The reported data can be used as a starting point for collecting more typical data and for analyzing disordered speech. The measurements do not require head-to-transducer stabilization. Possible applications of the measures include studying tongue dorsum overuse in people with cleft palate, and typical and disordered development of coarticulation.     

A perceptual and electropalatographic study of /∫/ in young people with Down's syndrome

Speech production in young people with Down's syndrome has been found to be variable and inconsistent. Errors tend to be more in the production of sounds that typically develop later, for example, fricatives and affricates, rather than stops and nasals. It has been suggested that inconsistency in production is a result of a motor speech deficit. Late acquired fricatives such as /s/ and /∫/ are complex articulations, which may require more precise motor programming and may therefore show highly inconsistent productions. Other factors potentially affecting speech production in this population are abnormal palatal structure, hearing loss, and hypotonia. A group of 20 young people with Down's syndrome were recorded using Electropalatography (EPG), reading a wordlist containing the phrase ‘a sheep’. The wordlist contained seven other phrases and was repeated 10 times. Eight typically developing, cognitively matched children and eight adults were also recorded producing the same data set. Articulatory (EPG pattern analysis) and perceptual analyses of the 10 productions of /∫/ were carried out. /∫/ production was found to be inconsistent in the young people with Down's syndrome, with more errors both in the auditory analysis and articulatory analysis than in the typical sample, which may be due to a motor programming or motor control problem. There were a greater number of errors in the EPG analysis than in the perceptual analysis. This suggests that some young people with DS were able to produce perceptually acceptable /∫/ with atypical EPG patterns. The use of typical, adult-modelled /∫/ EPG patterns in therapy may be inappropriate for some children with DS who present with atypical palatal structures.