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991.
Petra A. Tsuji Bradley A. Carlson Christine B. Anderson Harold E. Seifried Dolph L. Hatfield Michael T. Howard 《Nutrients》2015,7(8):6529-6549
Selenium is an essential element that is required to support a number of cellular functions and biochemical pathways. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of reduced dietary selenium levels on gene expression to assess changes in expression of non-selenoprotein genes that may contribute to the physiological consequences of selenium deficiency. Mice were fed diets that were either deficient in selenium or supplemented with selenium in the form of sodium selenite for six weeks. Differences in liver mRNA expression and translation were measured using a combination of ribosome profiling, RNA-Seq, microarrays, and qPCR. Expression levels and translation of mRNAs encoding stress-related selenoproteins were shown to be up-regulated by increased selenium status, as were genes involved in inflammation and response to interferon-γ. Changes in serum cytokine levels were measured which confirmed that interferon-γ, as well as IL-6, were increased in selenium adequate mice. Finally, microarray and qPCR analysis of lung tissue demonstrated that the selenium effects on immune function are not limited to liver. These data are consistent with previous reports indicating that adequate selenium levels can support beneficial immune responses, and further identify the IL-6 and interferon-γ pathways as being responsive to dietary selenium intake. 相似文献
992.
993.
Lihteh Wu 《Indian journal of ophthalmology》2015,63(5):394-398
Macular telangiectasia type 2 also known as idiopathic perifoveal telangiectasia and juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis type 2A is an acquired bilateral neurodegenerative macular disease that manifests itself during the fifth or sixth decades of life. It is characterized by minimal dilatation of the parafoveal capillaries with graying of the retinal area involved, a lack of lipid exudation, right-angled retinal venules, refractile deposits in the superficial retina, hyperplasia of the retinal pigment epithelium, foveal atrophy, and subretinal neovascularization (SRNV). Our understanding of the disease has paralleled advances in multimodality imaging of the fundus. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) images typically demonstrate the presence of intraretinal hyporeflective spaces that are usually not related to retinal thickening or fluorescein leakage. The typical fluorescein angiographic (FA) finding is a deep intraretinal hyperfluorescent staining in the temporal parafoveal area. With time, the staining may involve the whole parafoveal area but does not extend to the center of the fovea. Long-term prognosis for central vision is poor, because of the development of SRNV or macular atrophy. Its pathogenesis remains unclear but multimodality imaging with FA, spectral domain OCT, adaptive optics, confocal blue reflectance and short wave fundus autofluorescence implicate Müller cells and macular pigment. Currently, there is no known treatment for this condition. 相似文献
994.
995.
Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic−pharmacodynamic (PKPD) modelling has been widely used in clinical research. Yet, its application in the evaluation of cardiovascular safety remains limited, particularly in the evaluation of pro-arrhythmic effects. Here we discuss the advantages of disadvantages of population PKPD modelling and simulation, a paradigm built around the knowledge of the concentration−effect relationship as the basis for decision making in drug development and its utility as a guide to drug safety. A wide-ranging review of the literature was performed on the experimental protocols currently used to characterize the potential for QT interval prolongation, both pre-clinically and clinically. Focus was given to the role of modelling and simulation for design optimization and subsequent analysis and interpretation of the data, discriminating drug from system specific properties. Cardiovascular safety remains one of the major sources of attrition in drug development with stringent regulatory requirements. However, despite the myriad of tests, data are not integrated systematically to ensure accurate translation of the observed drug effects in clinically relevant conditions. The thorough QT study addresses a critical regulatory question but does not necessarily reflect knowledge of the underlying pharmacology and has limitations in its ability to address fundamental clinical questions. It is also prone to issues of multiplicity. Population approaches offer a paradigm for the evaluation of drug safety built around the knowledge of the concentration−effect relationship. It enables quantitative assessment of the probability of QTc interval prolongation in patients, providing better guidance to regulatory labelling and understanding of benefit/risk in specific populations. 相似文献
996.
997.
T. Wang Y.T. Zhou X.N. Chen A.X. Zhu 《Brazilian journal of medical and biological research》2014,47(9):738-745
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is one of the most potent angiogenic growth
factors. It improves angiogenesis and tissue perfusion in ischemic skeletal muscle.
In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that ischemic postconditioning is
effective for salvaging ischemic skeletal muscle resulting from limb
ischemia-reperfusion injury, and that the mechanism involves expression of HIF-1α.
Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=36 each): sham-operated (group
S), hindlimb ischemia-reperfusion (group IR), and ischemic postconditioning (group
IPO). Each group was divided into subgroups (n=6) according to reperfusion time:
immediate (0 h, T0), 1 h (T1), 3 h (T3), 6 h
(T6), 12 h (T12), and 24 h (T24). In the IPO
group, three cycles of 30-s reperfusion and 30-s femoral aortic reocclusion were
carried out before reperfusion. At all reperfusion times
(T0-T24), serum creatine kinase (CK) and lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, as well as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor
necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations, were measured in rats after they were
killed. Histological and immunohistochemical methods were used to assess the skeletal
muscle damage and HIF-1α expression in skeletal muscle ischemia. In groups IR and
IPO, serum LDH and CK activities and TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 concentrations were all
significantly increased compared to group S, and HIF-1α expression was up-regulated
(P<0.05 or P<0.01). In group IPO, serum LDH and CK activities and TNF-α and
IL-6 concentrations were significantly decreased, IL-10 concentration was increased,
HlF-1α expression was down-regulated (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the pathological
changes were reduced compared to group IR. The present study suggests that ischemic
postconditioning can reduce skeletal muscle damage caused by limb
ischemia-reperfusion and that its mechanisms may be related to the involvement of
HlF-1α in the limb ischemia-reperfusion injury-triggered inflammatory response. 相似文献
998.
Signals mediated by members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily modulate a network of diverse processes including initiation of inflammatory responses and altering cell fate between pathways favoring survival and death. Although such pathways have been well-described for the TNF-α receptor, less is known about signaling induced by the TNF superfamily member LIGHT and how it is differentially altered by expression of its two receptors LTβR and HVEM in the same cell. We used cell lines with different relative expression of HVEM and LTβR to show that LIGHT-induced signals mediated by these receptors were associated with altered TRAF2 stability and RelA nuclear translocation. Production of the inflammatory chemokine CXCL10 was primarily mediated by LTβR. Higher expression of HVEM was associated with cell survival, while unopposed LTβR signaling favored pathways leading to apoptosis. Importantly, restoring HVEM expression in cells with low endogenous expression recapitulated the phenotype of cells with higher endogenous expression. Together, our data provide evidence that relative expression of HVEM and LTβR modulates canonical NF-κB and pro-apoptotic signals stimulated by LIGHT. 相似文献
999.
Ibrahim Hatipoglu Duygu Ercan Ceyda Acilan Aynur Basalp Deniz Durali Ahmet Tarik Baykal 《Immunobiology》2014
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to be a serious worldwide health problem despite the use of protective HBV vaccines and therapeutic regimens against chronic HBV infection. Chronic HBV patients cannot induce sufficient immune responses against the virus. HBV and its antigens are believed to suppress immune responses during chronic infection. Hence, studying the role of HBV in immune suppression is very important for the development of alternative therapeutic strategies for HBV infections. 相似文献
1000.