1. Today, diamond nanoparticles have several industrial applications. Nano diamond (ND) as a carbon allotrope diffuses in the air easily during producing and processing procedures.2. In this study, we investigated sub-acute exposed to ND at the exposure chamber in mice. The animals were divided into two groups (control and exposed group to ND at the concentration of 3?µg/m3 for 3?h/day, 5?days/week for 30?days) in a whole-body inhalation chamber.3. Our results showed that exposure to ND induced the hematological and biochemical changes. The target organs for ND were the lungs, brain and heart in the mice, respectively. Also, ND increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation (LPO), the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), decreased a level of reduced glutathione (GSH) and finally increased a level of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) in lung, brain and heart tissues. Our results suggest that exposure to ND can induce oxidative stress in the tissue mentioned.4. These results suggest that exposure of researchers and workers with diamond nanoparticles probably increase a risk of respiratory, cardiovascular and cerebral disorders through oxidative stress. However, good ventilation, appropriate personal protective equipment and using of anti-oxidant compounds in daily diet of worker are suggested. 相似文献
Gas-to-liquid (GTL) products are synthetic hydrocarbons produced from natural gas using a catalytic process known as the Fischer–Tropsch process. This process yields a synthetic crude oil that consists of saturated hydrocarbons which can subsequently be refined to a range of products analogous to those obtained from petroleum refining. However, in contrast to their petroleum-derived analogs, GTL products are essentially free of unsaturated or aromatic compounds and do not contain any sulfur-, oxygen-, or nitrogen-containing compounds. Under new chemical substance notification requirements, an extensive testing program covering the entire portfolio of GTL products has been undertaken to assess their hazardous properties to human health and environment. The results of these studies have been summarized in a two-part review. Part 1 provides an overview of the mammalian toxicity hazardous properties of the various GTL products. This second part of the review focuses on the aquatic, sediment, terrestrial, and avian toxicity studies which assess the ecotoxicological hazard profile of the GTL products. Many challenges were encountered during these tests relating to dosing, analysis and interpretation of results. These are discussed with the intent to share experiences to help inform and shape future regulatory mandates for testing of poorly soluble complex substances. As was the case with the mammalian toxicology review, there were a few cases where adverse effects were found, but overall the GTL products were found to exert minimal adverse ecotoxicological effects and these were less severe than effects observed with their conventional, petroleum-derived analogs. 相似文献
Halloysite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4·nH2O) nanotubes (HNTs) are natural clay materials and widely applied in many fields due to their natural hollow tubular structures. Many in vitro studies indicate that HNTs exhibit a high level of biocompatibility, however the in vivo toxicity of HNTs remains unclear. The objective of this study was to assess the hepatic toxicity of the purified HNTs in mice via oral route. The purified HNTs were orally administered to mice at 5, 50, and 300 mg/kg body weight (BW) every day for 30 days. Oral administration of HNTs stimulated the growth of the mice at the low dose (5 mg/kg BW) with no liver toxicity, but inhibited the growth of the mice at the middle (50 mg/kg BW) and high (300 mg/kg BW) doses. In addition, oral administration of HNTs at the high dose caused Al accumulation in the liver but had no marked effect on the Si content in the organ. The Al accumulation caused significant oxidative stress in the liver, which induced hepatic dysfunction and histopathologic changes. These findings demonstrated that Al accumulation‐induced oxidative stress played an important role in the oral HNTs‐caused liver injury. 相似文献
Colon cancer is a world‐wide health problem and one of the most dangerous type of cancer, affecting both men and women. Naringenin (4, 5, 7‐trihydroxyflavanone) is one of the major flavone glycoside present in citrus fruits. Naringenin has long been used in Chinese's traditional medicine because of its exceptional pharmacological properties and non‐toxic nature. In the present study, we investigated the chemopreventive potential of Naringenin against 1,2‐dimethyhydrazine (DMH)‐induced precancerous lesions, that is, aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and mucin depleted foci (MDF), and its role in regulating the oxidative stress, inflammation and hyperproliferation, in the colon of Wistar rats. Animals were divided into five groups. In groups 3‐5, Naringenin was administered at the dose of 50 mg/kg b. wt. orally while in groups 2‐4, DMH was administered subcutaneously in the groin at the dose of 20 mg/kg b. wt. once a week for first 5 weeks and animals were euthanized after 10 weeks. Administration of Naringenin ameliorated the development of DMH‐induced lipid peroxidation, ROS formation, precancerous lesions (ACF and MDF) and it also reduced the infiltration of mast cells, suppressed the immunostaining of NF‐κB‐p65, COX‐2, i‐NOS PCNA and Ki 67 Naringenin treatment significantly attenuated the level of TNF‐α and it also prevented the depletion of the mucous layer. Our findings suggest that Naringenin has strong chemopreventive potential against DMH‐induced colon carcinogenesis but further studies are warranted to elucidate the precise mechanism of action of Naringenin. 相似文献
Introduction: There have been numerous clinical trials of CDK4/6 inhibitors performed on various carcinomas including breast cancer. One such inhibitor tested and which has ongoing clinical trials for breast cancer is abemaciclib. Abemaciclib is a molecular-targeted agent that targets basic cell cycle regulatory mechanisms.
Areas covered: This review discusses the available clinical data and ongoing clinical trials of abemaciclib in breast cancer.
Expert opinion: Abemaciclib has demonstrated a clear anti-tumour effect and manageable toxicity against HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer in many clinical trials and is expected to be an important standard therapy. However, currently, besides oestrogen receptor expression, there is a definite lack of predictive biomarkers for response and/or tolerance to abemaciclib, which is important for patient selection. Another problem is that its contribution to overall survival (OS) has not been shown. And while two large the phase 3 study highlighted the anti-tumour effect of abemaciclib, the OS results are awaited. Furthermore, the effect on brain metastases is expected to be unique to abemaciclib as the response of brain metastasis in HR-positive breast cancer patients has been confirmed in a few cases with case collection still ongoing. 相似文献