基于远程会诊的糖尿病视网膜病变图像诊断系统研发和应用

目的：开发远程糖尿病视网膜病变图像诊断系统,提高基层和社区医护人员的诊断水平,解决糖尿病视网膜病变管理的问题。方法：借用互联网计算机辅助诊疗技术,建立糖尿病视网膜病变的眼底图像数据库,采集糖尿病患者的眼底图像,进行分析对比,给出图文诊断报告。结果：开发了一套远程糖尿病视网膜病变图像诊断系统,在我院医疗联合体成功应用。结论：利用此系统利于基层医生全面掌握糖尿病视网膜病变诊疗技术,为降低盲残人群做出贡献。     

二十碳五烯酸对增殖性糖尿病性视网膜病变动物模型视网膜组织的超微结构改变的影响

目的 探讨二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)对增殖性糖尿病性视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)动物模型视网膜组织超微结构的影响.方法 应用链脲佐菌素腹腔注射造成的糖尿病Sprague-Dawley大鼠模型,1个月后行血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)玻璃体腔注射造成PDR动物模型36只,在VEGF注射同时,注射后2、4周分别玻璃体注射EPA,并根据前期研究结果分为背景期(D组)12只、增殖前期(E组)8只、增殖期给药组(F组)4只,并与仅仅玻璃体腔注射VEGF的PDR模型组(C组)12只比较,应用透射电镜观察视网膜神经细胞的损害情况.结果 电镜结果显示增殖前期给药组EPA注射后6周、背景期给药组EPA注射后4周视网膜神经细胞损害明显减轻.结论 EPA不仅可通过封闭flk-1受体抑制糖尿病性视网膜病变的发展,还对视网膜神经细胞具有保护作用,具体机制尚待进一步研究阐明.     

Severe visual loss caused by unrecognized malignant hypertension in a 15‐year‐old girl

A 15‐year‐old girl presented with acute bilateral loss of central visual acuity due to hypertensive retinopathy level IV. She was found to have unrecognized malignant arterial hypertension associated with end‐stage renal failure. At the time of diagnosis she also had severe left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Hypertension was successfully treated with combined anti‐hypertensive therapy, but renal function did not recover. The patient underwent successful kidney transplant 4 months later and over a period of 20 months hypertensive retinopathy and LVH gradually resolved. This report emphasizes the importance of routine measurement of blood pressure and describes the possible consequences of unrecognized arterial hypertension in children. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are necessary to avoid development and progression of target organ damage and promote better long‐term cardiovascular prognosis.     

Choroidal Thickness in Patients Diagnosed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Results from Two Populations of Different Ethnicities

Purpose: To measure the choroidal thickness among subjects with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection from two diverse ethnic populations and to compare it with healthy controls.

Methods: Subjects with HIV infection and healthy controls were enrolled in two referring centers in Italy and India. Clinical data were collected. All subjects underwent enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography and measurement of choroidal thickness.

Results: A total of 68 eyes from 68 patients with HIV (44 Caucasian, 24 Indians) and 60 eyes from 60 healthy volunteers (36 Caucasian, 24 Indians) were included. Mean choroidal thickness was significantly higher in HIV patients compared to controls (312.91 ± 65 µm vs. 266.57 ± 47 µm; p < 0.001). Choroidal thickness was higher among subjects with HIV-related retinopathy compared to HIV without retinopathy (285 ± 30 µm vs. 352 ± 17 µm; p < 0.01).

Conclusions: Patients with HIV infection, especially with HIV microangiopathy, have thicker choroid compared to age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects. These changes may be related to HIV-associated choroidal vascular dysfunction.     

重组碱性成纤维细胞生长因子通过Notch1信号通路对糖尿病大鼠视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用

目的　探讨重组碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor,rbFGF)通过Notch1信号通路对糖尿病大鼠视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cell，RGC)的保护作用。方法　雄性SD大鼠40只，随机分成对照组、糖尿病组、rbFGF组、rbFGF+DAPT组(DAPT为Notch1通路的特异性拮抗剂)，每组10只。后三组大鼠采用单次腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ) 诱导糖尿病模型。模型诱导成功后，rbFGF组给予rbFGF 10 μL(200 U)玻璃体内注射给药，rbFGF+DAPT组在给予rbFGF基础上加用DAPT(10 μmol·L^-1)。注射12周后，HE染色检测RGC密度，免疫组织化学染色检测神经元再生相关蛋白GAP-43、Notch1蛋白表达，Western blot检测GAP-43、Notch1蛋白及凋亡相关蛋白Caspase-3相对表达量。结果　与对照组RGC密度(433.49±6.02)个·mm^-2，GAP-43荧光强度(8.96±0.26)%、Notch1阳性率(45.04±0.46)%及Caspase-3 (27.91±0.63) %蛋白表达相比，糖尿病组RGC密度(328.35±6.43)mm^-2，Notch1荧光强度(31.66±0.40)%蛋白表达明显降低，GAP-43荧光强度(13.66±0.52)%、Caspase-3 (48.91±0.64)%蛋白表达明显增加(均为P<0.05)；而与糖尿病组相比，rbFGF组RGC密度(425.30±7.98)个·mm^-2，Notch1阳性率(41.76±0.62)% 及GAP-43荧光强度(33.05±0.37)%蛋白表达明显增加，Caspase-3 (28.86±0.71)%蛋白表达明显降低(均为P<0.05)；而rbFGF+DAPT组RGC密度(324.91±8.22)个·mm^-2，GAP-43荧光强度(14.27±0.64)%、Notch1阳性率(30.40±0.82)%及Caspase-3 (47.63±0.68)%蛋白表达均无明显变化(均为P>0.05)。结论　rbFGF可上调糖尿病状态下视网膜GAP-43蛋白表达，下调Caspase-3蛋白表达，进而提高RGC的存活，其机制可能与激活Notch1信号通路有关。     

基于大数据平台的糖尿病视网膜病变预测模型的建立及验证

目的建立简易的预测模型并验证其有效性,以预测糖尿病视网膜病变的发生风险,从而减少不良结局的发生。方法在医疗大数据平台筛选导出2010年1月1日—2016年12月31日出院诊断为2型糖尿病的病例,根据是否患视网膜病变分为DR组和NDR组。采用SPSS 22.0软件进行组间比较、影响因素分析并建立预测模型,采用Medcalc软件绘制受试者工作曲线。结果 DR组和NDR组患者的性别、年龄、吸烟、饮酒、既往疾病史、既往手术史、糖尿病家族史、糖尿病病程和高血压史差异有统计学意义(P0.05);饮酒、既往疾病史、糖尿病病程和高血压史是DR发生的主要影响因素。据此建立预测模型的ROC曲线下面积为0.837,临界值为0.210 7,敏感度为88.80%,特异度为61.82%。结论预测模型具有中等程度的预测价值,对糖尿病视网膜病变早期诊断具有一定的预测价值。加强糖尿病患者血压监控,限制饮酒甚至戒酒,制定科学的干预措施,有助于减轻患者视力损伤,提高患者的生活质量。     

Aspirin in a diabetic retinopathy setting: Insights from NO BLIND study

Background and aimsDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes. Diabetic macroangiopathies, particularly cardiovascular (CV) diseases, seem closely related to diabetes microvascular complications. Aspirin represents the most prescribed compound in CV prevention. Aspirin impact on DR is still object of debate. As it is already recommended among diabetics at high CV risk, aim of this study was to assess a potential relationship between DR and aspirin therapy, in a type 2 diabetes cohort of patients screened through telemedicine.Methods and resultsNO Blind is a cross-sectional, multicenter, observational study, which involved nine Italian outpatient clinics. Primary endpoint was the assessment of the relationship between aspirin treatment and DR. 2068 patients were enrolled in the study, subsequently split in two subpopulations according to either the presence or absence of DR. Overall, 995 subjects were under aspirin therapy. After adjusting for most common potential confounders, age and gender, aspirin reveals significantly associated with DR (OR: 1.72, 95%CI: 1.58–2.89, p = 0.002) and proliferative DR (PDR) (OR: 1.89, 95%CI: 1.24–2.84, p = 0.003). Association comes lost further adjusting for MACEs (OR: 1.28, 95%CI: 0.85–1.42, p = 0.157) (Model 4) and eGFR (OR: 0.93; 95%CI: 0.71–1.22; p = 0.591) (Model 5).ConclusionIn this multicenter cross-sectional study including a large sample of outpatients with T2DM, we showed that aspirin was not associated with DR after adjustment for several cardio-metabolic confounders. However, as partially confirmed by our findings, and related to the well-known pro-hemorrhagic effect of aspirin, its use should be individually tailored, even by telemedicine tools.     

United States comparative costs and absenteeism of diabetic ophthalmic conditions

Objective: This retrospective cohort study examined the impact of diabetic macular edema (DME), diabetic retinopathy (DR), or diabetes on annual health benefit costs and absenteeism in US employees. Methods: Claims data from 2001 to 2012 was extracted from the Human Capital Management Services Group Research Reference Database on annual direct/indirect health benefit costs and absences for employees aged ≥ 18 years. Employees with DME, DR, or diabetes were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Employees were divided into two groups, drivers or nondrivers, and examined in separate analyses. For drivers and nondrivers, the DME, DR, and diabetes cohorts were compared with their respective control groups (without diabetes). Two-part regression models controlled for demographics and job-related characteristics. Results: A total of 39,702 driver and 426,549 nondriver employees were identified as having ≥ 1 year’s continuous health plan enrollment. Direct medical costs for drivers with DME, DR, or diabetes were $6470, $8021, and $5102, respectively (>2.8 times higher and statistically significant compared with driver controls). Nondrivers with DME and DR incurred significantly higher sick leave and short-term disability costs compared with the nondrivers with diabetes and nondriver controls. In drivers with DME, the majority of days of absence were for short- and long-term disability (12.41 and 11.43 days, respectively). In drivers with DR, the majority of days of absence were for short-term disability (10.70 days). In nondrivers with DME and nondrivers with DR, the majority of days of absence were for sick leave (5.74 and 4.93 days, respectively) and short-term disability (5.08 and 4.93 days, respectively). Conclusion: DME and DR are associated with substantial direct medical cost and absenteeism in this real-world sample of medically insured employees. This research highlights the negative impact of DME and DR on annual costs and absenteeism and may assist employers in assessing the impact of these conditions on employees.     

糖尿病视网膜病变前期视盘周围神经纤维层厚度的动态变化

目的 探究糖尿病视网膜病变前期（NDR）视盘周围视网膜神经纤维层（RNFL）厚度的动态变化。 方法 选取 NDR 患者 24 例和健康对照者 30 例，用光学相干断层扫描仪测量两组视盘周围 RNFL 厚度，每间隔 6 个月复查 1 次，共检测 5 次；比较两 组视盘全周及各象限 RNFL 厚度的动态变化。 结果 NDR 组与对照组视盘周围 RNFL 均值为 （104.42±15.75）、（114.28±6.69）滋m， NDR 组视盘全周、上方、下方和颞侧象限 RNFL 厚度均小于对照组（P＜0.05）；NDR 组每次测量（共 5 次）的视盘全周 RNFL 厚度均小 于对照组（P＜0.05）。上方与鼻侧、上方与颞侧、下方与鼻侧、下方与颞侧象限 RNFL 厚度两两比较，差异均有统计学意义（均 P＜ 0.05）。 结论 NDR 患者 RNFL 变薄，且随病程发展持续存在，以视盘上方、下方象限尤为显著。     

Unusual presentation of ocular trauma in sickle cell trait

Sickle cell trait is usually considered as a benign condition. However under certain adverse circumstances, it can give rise to vaso-occlusive features as in sickle cell disease. We present here two cases, both involving healthy young males, who developed retinal vaso-occlusive features following blunt ocular trauma. There was a rapid progression of the retinopathy with the development of proliferative changes in both patients and also vitreous hemorrhage in one patient, within 2 months of the trauma. The development of retinopathy was independent of raised intraocular pressure. Both patients were found to have sickle cell trait.