消化道恶性肿瘤住院患者的能量消耗研究

目的评估消化道恶性肿瘤患者的能量消耗，探讨最佳计算公式及能量消耗的影响因素。方法采用连续入组法，纳入2016年3月至2016年12月在陆军军医大学第一附属医院肿瘤科住院治疗患者，运用代谢车测定其静息代谢能量（REE），使用Harris-Benedict公式和30kcal/（kg·d） 公式预测患者的一日总能量消耗（TEE）。收集研究对象的相关指标如年龄、身高、体重、病程、原位癌部位、是否荷瘤等。结果共纳入26例患者，其中包括食管癌11例，胃癌8例，结直肠癌7例，73%的患者处于高代谢状态，约69%的患者处于肿瘤Ⅳ期；其中不同病程和原位癌位置与静息能量消耗有差异，差异具有统计学意义；用30kcal/（kg·d）×体重估算TEE可能并不适用于消瘦的消化道肿瘤患者。结论消化道恶性肿瘤患者大多存在营养不良且处于高代谢状态，在给消化道恶性肿瘤患者提供能量时应适当考虑病程长短、肿瘤分期以及肿瘤部位等因素。尽量使用代谢车估算恶性肿瘤患者的TEE，若没有代谢车条件时，对于能下床活动的消化道恶性肿瘤患者，体质指数（BMI）≥18.5kg/m2者推荐使用30kcal/（kg·d）×实际体重的方法估算TEE，BMI<18.5kg/m2者推荐使用30kcal/（kg·d）×标准体重的方法估算TEE。     

2014年中国农村基于超声乳腺癌筛查多中心数据分析

目的为提高国家农村妇女乳腺癌筛查项目效果,第2个周期(2012-2014年)筛查模式调整为基于超声的乳腺癌筛查,本研究通过对2014年度农村妇女乳腺癌筛查数据进行分析,了解基于超声的乳腺癌筛查模式的质量和效果,为完善筛查流程、提高筛查质量和管理水平提供依据。方法采用基于超声的乳腺癌筛查模式为全国35~64岁农村户籍女性进行群体性乳腺癌筛查:先为符合条件的农村女性进行乳腺临床检查联合乳腺超声检查,超声BI-RADS 0、4、5级者进行乳腺X射线检查(mammography,MG),X射线BI-RADS 0、4、5级者进行组织病理检查,乳腺超声、X射线BI-RADS 1、2、3级者进行1年随访。检查数据以统计报表和个案表(筛出乳腺癌患者)形式录入《国家妇幼重大公共卫生项目信息直报系统》。分东、中、西部地区计算乳腺癌召回率、活检率、活检阳性预测值、检出率、早诊率、原位癌比例、早期癌比例、漏检率、假阳性率等主要评估指标;使用χ^2检验对地区间指标结果进行比较。结果2014年为30个省(市、区)697个项目县共1373524名35~64岁农村女性进行了乳腺癌筛查。检出乳腺癌1190例,检出率为0.87‰;东、中、西部地区检出乳腺癌例数分别为404、375和411例,检出率分别为0.90‰、0.86‰和0.84‰,地区间检出率差异无统计学意义,χ^2=1.215,P>0.05。共检出早期乳腺癌1014例,早诊率为85.21%;东、中、西部地区检出早期乳腺癌例数分别为353、323和338例,早诊率分别为87.38%、86.13%和82.24%,地区间早诊率差异无统计学意义,χ^2=4.638,P>0.05。检出原位癌82例,原位癌比例为6.89%;东、中、西部地区分别检出原位癌39、23和20例,原位癌比例分别为9.65%、6.13%和4.87%,原位癌比例地区间差异有统计学意义,χ^2=7.767,P<0.05。检出早期癌(0+Ⅰ期)387例,早期癌比例为32.52%;东、中、西部地区早期癌例数分别为159、115和113例,早期癌比例分别为39.36%、30.67%和27.49%,地区间差异有统计学意义,χ^2=13.922,P<0.01。MG复筛人数为33129人,召回率为2.41%;东、中、西部地区MG复筛人数分别为12827、11616和8686人,召回率分别为2.87%、2.67%和1.77%,地区间差异有统计学意义,χ^2=1386,P<0.01。3088人接受活检,活检率为0.22%;东、中、西部地区接受活检人数分别为1106、1006和976人,活检率分别为0.25%、0.23%和0.20%,地区间差异有统计学意义,χ^2=25.910,P<0.01。超声初筛漏检率为7.23%,其中BI-RADS 3级漏检率为6.89%;MG复筛BI-RADS 3级漏检率3.99%;仅超声检出乳腺癌比例为5.58%。结论2014年中国农村妇女乳腺癌检查项目检出和早诊情况符合相关质控要求,说明基于超声的乳腺癌筛查在中国农村地区可行且有效。但本筛查流程的漏检率仍较高,需进行流程优化。应加强MG和活检设备配置及技术培训,以提高乳腺癌筛查服务能力,从而进一步提高检出率和早诊率。     

某肿瘤专科医院住院医疗质量综合评价及影响因素分析

目的对医院医疗质量进行综合评价及分析,分析存在的问题,为更好地实现医疗质量管理提供参考。方法应用TOPSIS法对某三级甲等肿瘤专科医院住院医疗质量进行综合评价,计算评价对象与最优方案的接近程度Ci值,Ci值愈接近1,表明该评价对象医疗质量越高;应用多元线性回归方法探寻综合评价结果的影响因素。结果该院2017年3月份医疗质量最高,Ci值为0.7999;1月份医疗质量最低,Ci值为0.2318,差异较大;多元线性回归分析结果显示,出院人数、床位使用率及院内感染发生率是住院医疗质量的主要影响因素(P<0.001);此外,经医疗质量目标管理考核方案质控数据可知,2017年考核成绩较好的月份是11月、10月及12月。结论TOPSIS法在医疗质量评价中具有一定的实际应用价值,建议将TOPSIS法与医院管理实践相结合,客观、真实地反映医院医疗质量;此外,医院应协调推进工作强度、工作效率以及诊疗水平,注重质量并兼顾效率。     

A process evaluation of implementing a vocational enablement protocol for employees with hearing difficulties in clinical practice

Objective: A multidisciplinary vocational rehabilitation programme, the Vocational Enablement Protocol (VEP) was developed to address the specific needs of employees with hearing difficulties. In the current study we evaluated the process of implementing the VEP in audiologic care among employees with hearing impairment. Design: In conjunction with a randomized controlled trial, we collected and analysed data on seven process parameters: recruitment, reach, fidelity, dose delivered, dose received and implemented, satisfaction, and perceived benefit. Study sample: Sixty-six employees with hearing impairment participated in the VEP. The multidisciplinary team providing the VEP comprised six professionals. Results: The professionals performed the VEP according to the protocol. Of the recommendations delivered by the professionals, 31% were perceived as implemented by the employees. Compliance rate was highest for hearing-aid uptake (51%). Both employees and professionals were highly satisfied with the VEP. Participants rated good perceived benefit from it. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the VEP could be a useful treatment for employees with hearing difficulties from a process evaluation perspective. Implementation research in the audiological setting should be encouraged in order to further provide insight into parameters facilitating or hindering successful implementation of an intervention and to improve its quality and efficacy.     

Impact and Predictors of Noncircular Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Shapes on Estimating Aortic Stenosis Severity by Means of Continuity Equations

Determining aortic stenosis (AS) severity is clinically important. Calculating aortic valve (AV) area by means of the continuity equation assumes a circular left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). The full impact of this assumption in calculating AV area is unknown. Predictors of noncircular LVOT shape in patients with AS are undefined.In 109 adult patients with AS who underwent multiplanar transesophageal echocardiography, we calculated AV area by means of the standard continuity method and by a modified method involving planimetric LVOT area.We found 54 circular, 37 horizontal-oval, 8 vertical-oval, and 10 irregular LVOTs. Area derived by direct planimetry correlated better with the modified than the standard continuity method (r=0.89 vs r=0.85; both P=0.0001). Valve areas of patients with mild, moderate, or severe AS by planimetry were more often mischaracterized with use of the standard than modified method (29 vs 18; P <0.0001). Horizontal-oval AV area derived by planimetry (1.28 ± 0.55 cm²) was underestimated by the standard method (1.05 ± 0.47 cm²; P=0.001), but not by the modified method. Congenital AV morphology and low cardiac index were the only multivariate predictors of horizontal-oval shape. Low cardiac index was the only predictor of noncircular shape.More than half our patients with AS had noncircular LVOTs. Using the modified method reduces mischaracterizations of AS severity. Congenital AV morphology and low cardiac index predict horizontal-oval or noncircular shape. These data suggest the value of direct LVOT measurement to calculate AS severity in patients who have congenital AV or a low cardiac index.