EMAS position statement: Individualized breast cancer screening versus population-based mammography screening programmes

Introduction

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women, with slightly more than ten percent developing the disease in Western countries. Mammography screening is a well established method to detect breast cancer.

Aims

The aim of the position statement is to review critically the advantages and shortcomings of population based mammography screening.

Materials and methods

Literature review and consensus of expert opinion.

Results and conclusion

Mammography screening programmes vary worldwide. Thus there are differences in the age at which screening is started and stopped and in the screening interval. Furthermore differences in screening quality (such as equipment, technique, resolution, single or double reading, recall rates) result in a sensitivity varying from 70% to 94% between studies. Reporting results of screening is subject to different types of bias such as overdiagnosis. Thus because of the limitations of population-based mammography screening programmes an algorithm for individualized screening is proposed.     

早期乳腺癌的CR、B超联合针吸细胞学诊断与病理对照分析

目的:探讨钼靶CR摄影、高频超声及针吸细胞学在乳腺肿块术前检查的联合应用,提高早期乳腺癌的诊断符合率。方法:对经手术病理确诊的126例早期乳腺癌(病灶直径≤2.0cm)与术前钼靶CR摄影、高频超声及针吸细胞学联合检查进行对比,分别得出诊断符合率。结果:钼靶CR摄影、高频超声、针吸细胞学及三种检查方法联合应用的诊断符合率分别为85%、83%、91%、98%。结论:对乳腺肿块患者进行术前联合检查是诊断早期乳腺癌的有效方法。     

Factors influencing mammography participation in Canada: an integrative review of the literature

This integrative review critically examines quantitative and qualitative evidence concerning factors influencing the participation of Canadian women in mammography. Empirical studies published between 1980 and 2006 were identified and retrieved by searching electronic databases and references listed in published studies. Among the 1461 citations identified and screened, 52 studies met the inclusion criteria and were independently appraised by two researchers. Extracted data were categorized, summarized, compared, and interpreted within and across studies. The presentation of barriers and facilitators to mammography was guided by the Pender Health Promotion Model. Findings from this review showed that no published studies were specific to settings in Saskatchewan, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, and the three Canadian territories. The most common barriers to screening were membership in an ethnic minority and concerns about pain, radiation, and embarrassment. The recommendation of a health care provider for mammography was found to be the most common facilitator for the engagement of women in this health behaviour. The targeting of specific strategies aimed at overcoming identified barriers and the enhancement of facilitators are essential to improving mammography participation rates throughout Canada.     

乳腺错构瘤钼靶X线诊断

目的：通过钼靶X线检查制定乳腺错构瘤的诊断标准。方法：报道我院1985－1995年间经手术病理证实的29例乳腺错构瘤的钼靶X线表现。全部为女性，年龄28－64岁，平均42．4岁。右乳18例（包括右副乳2例），左乳11例。0．4－14cm大小。结果：X线表现混合型15例，脂肪型11例，致密型3例。以混合型、脂肪型最为常见，以混合型最具特征，以致密型、脂肪型最易误诊或漏脊。18例X线诊断正确，总符合率占62．00％。结论：X线检查是本病最好的方法。混杂密度改变是X线诊断特征。正确诊断，有利于临床手术式的选择。     

乳腺癌钼靶X线钙化与HER-2/neu表达的关系及其意义

目的探讨乳腺癌钼靶X线钙化与HER-2／neu表达的关系及其临床意义。方法分析152例乳腺癌钼靶X线片的钙化特点；并将切除的肿瘤标本行HER-2／neu检测，分析钼靶X线钙化特征与HER-2／neu表达之间的关系。结果乳腺癌钼靶X线钙化组HER-2／neu过度表达率高于无钙化组（61．6％vs．35．4％）（P〈0．01）；在73例钙化中，以钙化伴随毛刺征为主要表现者，HER-2／neu过度表达率高于单纯钙化组（P〈0．05）。根据钙化形态特征，蠕虫状钙化组HER-2／neu过度表达率明显高于非蠕虫状钙化组（P=0．01）。钼靶X线钙化簇最大径≥25mm者，多在HER-2／neu过度表达组（P〈0．05），而钙化颗粒数≤20枚／cm^2者，多在HER-2／neu阴性表达组（P〈0．01）。结论乳腺癌钼靶X线钙化与HER-2／neu过度表达关系密切，可为乳腺癌治疗策略的制定和预测预后提供参考。志．2008．17（5）：436—439】     

乳腺计算机X射线摄影曝光条件的研究

目的通过比较乳腺摄影屏-片系统与计算机X射线摄影(CR)系统的曝光条件,以及不同曝光量对乳腺CR影像的影响,探讨乳腺CR摄影条件的优化原则。方法应用屏-片组合和CR,分别采用26、28、30 kV对fluke NA 18-220 乳腺模体采用自动曝光控制(AEC)模式进行摄影,并记录曝光量数值(mAs),对CR影像进行处理。同时CR采用上述相同kV、照射野,以及不同的曝光量对模体进行摄影,并对CR影像进行不同的处理。所获图像由4位放射医师进行双盲阅片,按照美国放射学会(ACR)的评分标准评价打分。结果采用自动曝光模式,乳腺CR摄影的曝光量明显高于传统屏-片组合的曝光量;乳腺CR摄影的曝光量降低到标准自动曝光模式的1/2~1/3时仍能满足诊断要求,此时的曝光量较屏-片组合采用自动曝光模式的曝光量低。结论乳腺CR摄影采用不经重新校正的自动曝光模式时,曝光量明显增加;符合诊断要求的乳腺CR摄影所需曝光量可低于屏-片组合,合理使用CR是降低乳腺CR摄影剂量的关键。     

Predictive value of mammography in early detection of breast cancer: Analysis of histological findings in breast biopsies indicatedonly by mammography

From 1985 to 1989 breast biopsies were performed in 1835 patients with suspicious mammographic findings. Inasive cancers were diagnosed in 274 patients in-situ cancers in 186. The predictive value of mammography (0.33) was correlated with the age of patient, and compared with data in the literature. The prevalence of benign and malignant lesions was correlated with the mammographic features. We suggest that the predictive value of mammography, and the ration of noninvasive to invasive cancers detected would be optimal criteria for quality control of Offprint requests to: I.Schreer     

Screening for breast cancer with mammography

Mammography is generally accepted as a useful problem-solving clinical tool in characterizing known breast lesions, so that appropriate and timely treatment can be given. However, it remains grossly underutilized at what it does best: screening. The major strengths of mammography are a) its ability to detect breast cancer at a smaller, potentially more curable stage than any other examination, and b) its proved efficacy in reducing breast cancer mortality in asymptomatic women aged 40–74. If, as has recently been estimated, screening with mammography and physical examination can be expected to lower breast cancer deaths by 40%–50% among those actually examined (13), then the lives of almost 20,000 U.S. women might be saved each year if screening were to become very widely used. The challenges of the next decade are clear, to mount much more effective campaigns to educate physicians and lay women about the life-saving benefits of breast cancer screening, to devise increasingly effective and lower cost screening strategies, to further improve the current high quality of mammographic imaging despite its increasing proliferation, and to train large numbers of breast imaging specialists to guarantee that the growing case load of screening and problem-solving mammograms is interpreted with a very high level of skill.