医学院校大学英语课堂气氛的创设

轻松、和谐的课堂气氛对医学院校的大学英语教学尤为重要。根据克拉申的"情感过滤假设",良好的课堂气氛有助于降低学生的情感过滤。因此,大学英语教师应积极营造良好的课堂气氛,激发学生的英语学习兴趣,以获得最佳的教学效果。     

Villus packing density and lacunarity: Markers of placental efficiency?

We evaluate, in routine H&E histology slides, villus quantity in a given area (villous packing density, VPD) and the pattern or “gappiness” of villous distribution (lacunarity), and test for correlations with a proxy for fetoplacental metabolic rate, β calculated as (ln (placental weight)/ln (birthweight)) from Kleiber's law [1].Three ∼4.3 mm² images each were obtained from 88 term placentas. Ranges of VPD and lacunarity were each correlated with β (r = 0.31, p = 0.003, r = 0.23, p = 0.03 and respectively). The relationship between β and within-placenta variation in VPD and lacunarity highlights the need to study not merely the mean but the variance of villous geometries and spatial distributions.     

医院伦理委员会建设若干问题的探讨

通过介绍上海几家有代表性医院的伦理委员会建设成就,阐明了我国的医院伦理委员会建设应具有自己的特点。对人才培养成为医院伦理委员会建设的瓶颈、缺乏针对伦理委员会委员的系统化培训、缺乏可操作性强的操作指南、伦理委员会的建设发展不平衡、伦理委员会的工作缺乏较高的独立性和透明度、缺乏利益冲突的管理机制等医院伦理委员会建设中存在的问题进行了探讨,提出了加快医学伦理学的人才培养、探索实行伦理委员会注册和伦理委员资格认定、尝试建立联合伦理委员会、广泛开展保护受试者和患者安全和权益的社会宣传、明确利益冲突的防范和管理原则等对策。     

社区卫生服务机构公共卫生功能实施现状的利益集团分析

目的：从访谈负责人对社区卫生服务机构与上级机构（主要是疾病预防与控制机构、妇幼保健院）在提供公共卫生服务时是否有明确的服务功能定位，以及社区卫生服务机构是否很好地开展了公共卫生服务等两类问题出发，分析现存问题的原因，为其充分发挥“六位一体”功能提出政策建议。方法：采用定性调查（访谈）一定量数据一描述性统计分析的技术路线。结果：各利益集团认为，社区卫生服务机构与上级机构关系不顺、各自功能定位不准、职责权限不清，这一系列的问题导致社区卫生服务机构和上级机构发生了服务功能的重叠，也在一定程度上影响了社区卫生服务机构发挥公共卫生功能。但从各集团所持各类观点的比例差异发现，疾病预防与控制机构（简称疾控）、妇幼保健院、社区卫生服务等公共卫生服务机构负责人同行政部门负责人比，对社区卫生服务机构实施公共卫生功能的现状持更为否定的态度。结论：社区卫生服务要充分发挥“六位一体”功能需要有良好的政策环境，各利益集团间协调关系，人们树立“大卫生”观念，社区卫生服务机构端正认识、注重自我发展，同时还需结合考虑地域环境、人群结构方面的差异，因地制宜，为人群提供适宜的服务。     

Swedish parents’ interest in preconception genetic carrier screening

Introduction: Genetic technologies advance rapidly. It is possible to undergo genetic carrier screening before pregnancy to examine genetic risks to future offspring. We aimed to investigate parents’ interest and motives towards preconception genetic carrier screening (PCS) as well as factors associated with interest in PCS.

Material and methods: Our study sample consists of 777 parent couples within the longitudinal Swedish Pregnancy Planning study. Women responded to questionnaires at three occasions: in early pregnancy, late pregnancy, and one year after childbirth. Male partners responded to one questionnaire one year after childbirth.

Results: One-third of the parents were positive (30% versus 34% of women and men, respectively), less than a third were negative (26% versus 28%), and 45% versus 38% were uncertain about whether to consider PCS before a future pregnancy. No differences in PCS interest were found between women and men (P = 0.091), but a higher proportion of women were concerned about negative consequences (53% versus 46%, P < 0.003) and were ‘opposed to such a way of child selection’ (31.8% versus 25.2%, P = 0.002). Factors associated with PCS interest were experiences of prenatal diagnostics and positive attitudes towards finding out or choosing sex of one’s child (women), and prenatal diagnostics, self-rated poor health, and pregnancy planning (men).

Conclusion: Both women and men had relatively high uncertainty towards PCS, but women were more concerned about negative consequences. The future extent of the clinical utility of PCS is currently unknown, but parents’ interests and doubts are important aspects to consider.     

职业学生欺负行为与父母教养方式关系调查研究

目的了解职业学生欺负行为与父母教养方式的关系。方法采用职业学生欺负行为问卷、父母教养方式评价量表对700名职业学生进行随机抽样调查,进行分析。结果 （1）职业学生欺负卷入者与无卷入者的父母教养方式有统计学差异;（2）欺负卷入者父母负性教养方式因子得分显著高于无卷入者;（3）正性教养方式因子得分显著低于无卷入者。结论父母不同的教养方式会严重影响到小孩欺负行为的发生。     

Methods for analysis of brain connectivity: An IFCN-sponsored review

The goal of this paper is to examine existing methods to study the “Human Brain Connectome” with a specific focus on the neurophysiological ones. In recent years, a new approach has been developed to evaluate the anatomical and functional organization of the human brain: the aim of this promising multimodality effort is to identify and classify neuronal networks with a number of neurobiologically meaningful and easily computable measures to create its connectome. By defining anatomical and functional connections of brain regions on the same map through an integrated approach, comprising both modern neurophysiological and neuroimaging (i.e. flow/metabolic) brain-mapping techniques, network analysis becomes a powerful tool for exploring structural–functional connectivity mechanisms and for revealing etiological relationships that link connectivity abnormalities to neuropsychiatric disorders. Following a recent IFCN-endorsed meeting, a panel of international experts was selected to produce this current state-of-art document, which covers the available knowledge on anatomical and functional connectivity, including the most commonly used structural and functional MRI, EEG, MEG and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques and measures of local and global brain connectivity.     

The Sexual Event Diary (SED): Development and Validation of a Standardized Questionnaire for Assessing Female Sexual Functioning During Discrete Sexual Events

BackgroundThe efficacy of on-demand drugs for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) or female sexual interest/arousal disorder (FSIAD) should be assessed using a validated instrument that assesses the discrete sexual events during which the on-demand drug is taken.AimTo develop and validate an event log for measuring sexual satisfaction and sexual functioning of discrete sexual events.MethodsPsychometric assessment was carried out on data of 10,959 Sexual Event Diaries (SEDs) collected during three clinical trials in a total of 421 women with HSDD. Cognitive debriefing interviews were held with 16 women with HSDD.OutcomesItem scores of the SED at the event level and at the subject level, summarized item scores of women during the baseline establishment and active treatment periods, and score changes in women from baseline establishment to active treatment.ResultsSeveral items of the initial 16-item SED items showed weak validity. The 16-item SED was refined to the 11-item SED. The reliability, content, and convergent validity of the 11-item SED were confirmed. For most 11-item SED item scores, the ability to discriminate between known groups was confirmed. Larger mean score changes from the baseline establishment period were found in those with than in those without known benefit from the medication, and Guyatt effect sizes ranged from 0.73 to 1.58, thereby demonstrating the ability to detect change.Clinical TranslationThe SED is a good tool for assessing sexual function during a discrete sexual event and for assessing the sexual function of women over longer periods.Strengths and LimitationsThe validation of the SED was performed on data from nearly 11,000 sexual events, gathered as part of a drug development program for HSDD and FSIAD. This amount of data provides very robust results when related to drug use for HSDD and FSIAD, but caution is advised when generalizing the validity of the SED directly to other areas of research (eg, recreational drug use and sexual risky behaviors), because such data were not used in this validation.ConclusionsThe 11-item SED is a reliable, valid, and responsive instrument and suitable for use in evaluating the effects of on-demand drugs in women with HSDD or FSIAD.van Nes Y, Bloemers J, van der Heijden PGM, et al. The Sexual Event Diary (SED): Development and Validation of a Standardized Questionnaire for Assessing Female Sexual Functioning During Discrete Sexual Events. J Sex Med 2017;14:1438–1450.