Quercetin对人气道平滑肌细胞增殖和迁移的影响及机制

目的 体外培养人气道平滑肌细胞(human airway smooth muscle cells,HASMCs),探讨槲皮素(Quercetin,Que)对血小板源性生长因子BB(PDGF-BB)刺激的HASMCs增殖和迁移的影响及其机制.方法体外培养HASMCs,分为六组；对照组、PdGF-BB组、Que与PDGF-BB联合干预组、Que组、U0126组、U0126与PDGF-BB联合干预组.四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)微量比色法测定HASMCs增殖,transwell法观察细胞迁移,Western blot法检测ERK的磷酸化及Cyclin D1表达水平.结果 与对照组相比,PDGF-BB(20μg/L)显著诱导HASMCs增殖和迁移(P＜0.05),Que(20～80μmol/L)呈浓度依赖性抑制PDGF-BB诱导的HASMCs的增殖和迁移(P＜0.05).PDGF-BB组ERK磷酸化及Cyclin D1 表达水平较对照组明显增高(P＜0.05).Que(80μmol/L)及PDGF-BB干预组其表达量低于PDGF-BB组,此抑制作用与ERK特异性拮抗剂U0126作用相当(P＞0.05).结论 Que抑制PDGF-BB诱导的HASMCs的增殖和迁移,可能是通过调节ERK/Cyelin D1通路起作用.     

Cocaine facilitates protein synthesis-dependent LTP: The role of metabotropic glutamate receptors

Cocaine addiction alters synaptic plasticity in many brain areas involved in learning and memory processes, including the hippocampus. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is one of the best studied examples of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and it is considered as one of the molecular basis of learning and memory. We previously demonstrated that in the presence of cocaine, a long lasting form of hippocampal LTP is induced by a single pulse of high frequency stimulation, which in normal conditions evokes only an early form of LTP. In this study, we further explore the molecular basis of this modulation of synaptic plasticity by cocaine. By performing pharmacological experiments on hippocampal slices, we were able to show that cocaine converts early LTP to a form of LTP dependent on protein synthesis, probably through the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling cascades. We also found that metabotropic glutamate receptors are involved in this phenomenon. These studies further clarify the molecular machinery used by cocaine to alter synaptic plasticity and modulate learning and memory processes.     

Orexin A decreases lipid peroxidation and apoptosis in a novel hypothalamic cell model

Current data support the idea that hypothalamic neuropeptide orexin A (OxA; hypocretin 1) mediates resistance to high fat diet-induced obesity. We previously demonstrated that OxA elevates spontaneous physical activity (SPA), that rodents with high SPA have higher endogenous orexin sensitivity, and that OxA-induced SPA contributes to obesity resistance in rodents. Recent reports show that OxA can confer neuroprotection against ischemic damage, and may decrease lipid peroxidation. This is noteworthy as independent lines of evidence indicate that diets high in saturated fats can decrease SPA, increase hypothalamic apoptosis, and lead to obesity. Together data suggest OxA may protect against obesity both by inducing SPA and by modulation of anti-apoptotic mechanisms. While OxA effects on SPA are well characterized, little is known about the short- and long-term effects of hypothalamic OxA signaling on intracellular neuronal metabolic status, or the physiological relevance of such signaling to SPA. To address this issue, we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of OxA in a novel immortalized primary embryonic rat hypothalamic cell line. We demonstrate for the first time that OxA increases cell viability during hydrogen peroxide challenge, decreases hydrogen peroxide-induced lipid peroxidative stress, and decreases caspase 3/7 induced apoptosis in an in vitro hypothalamic model. Our data support the hypothesis that OxA may promote obesity resistance both by increasing SPA, and by influencing survival of OxA-responsive hypothalamic neurons. Further identification of the individual mediators of the anti-apoptotic and peroxidative effects of OxA on target neurons could lead to therapies designed to maintain elevated SPA and increase obesity resistance.     

ERK 信号通路介导银屑病角质形成细胞过度增殖的调控机制

银屑病是常见的慢性、 复发性、 炎症性皮肤病, 角质形成细胞 ( keratinocyte, KC) 增殖分化失 调作为其发病原因之一, 具体机制尚未明确。 细胞外信号调节激酶 ( extracellular signal regulated kinase, ERK) 信号通路在其中发挥着重要作用, 微小 RNA (microRNA, miRNA)、 长链非编码 RNA ( lncRNA)、 细胞因子等作为 ERK 信号通路的上游分子参与调控银屑病表皮角质形成细胞的增殖与分化过程。 文章旨在 对这一通路在银屑病角质形成细胞过度增殖中的作用机制做一综述。     

MK2 plays an important role for the increased vascular permeability that follows thermal injury

We previously reported Rho kinase is involved in vessel hyper-permeability caused by burns. Here we further explore the Rho kinase downstream signaling, it is found that its specific inhibitor Y27632 significantly diminishes the activation of JNK and p38 MAPKs but not ERK that induced by serum from burned rats (burn-serum). JNK activation was found involved in the expression of HUVEC adhesion molecules following thermal injury, although not in the process of stress fiber formation. Inhibition of various MAPKs by specific inhibitors showed that SB203580 (inhibitor of p38), but neither SP600125 (inhibitor of JNK) nor PD98059 (inhibitor of ERK), abolish activation of the p38 downstream kinase MK2. Demonstration of stress fibers by fluorescent-labeled phalloidin showed that inhibition of MK2, either by its specific inhibitor or by dominant negative adeno-viral-carried constructs, significantly reduced burn-serum-induced HUVEC stress-fiber formation, while inhibition of another downstream p38 MAPK kinase, PRAK, had no such effects. Transfection of dominant negative adeno-viral MK2 (Ad-MK2(A)) significantly inhibited thermal injury-induced blood vessel hyper-permeability in rats and, moreover, prolonged the survival of burned rats beyond 72 h following thermal injury. One of the mechanisms behind these phenomena is that Ad-MK2(A) causes a significant depression of burn-serum-induced HSP27-phosphorylation, while the adeno-viral transported dominant negative PRAK (Ad-PRAK(A)) does not block. Although the effect of blockade of MK2 through its adeno-viral approach requires further study and investigation of alternatives to know for sure, we may have found a new pathway behind thermal-injury-induced blood vessel hyper-permeability, namely: Rho kinase > p38 > MK2 > HSP27.     

TrkB影响结肠癌细胞SW620侵袭能力及与ERK信号通路活化关系的研究

目的:探讨干扰结肠癌细胞TrkB蛋白表达及抑制ERK活化对细胞增殖、凋亡和侵袭以及细胞内ERK磷酸化水平的影响。方法:应用特异性TrkB-siRNA瞬时转染及ERK特异性抑制剂处理SW620结肠癌细胞,观察SW620细胞增殖、凋亡和侵袭情况以及细胞内ERK磷酸化水平的变化。结果:特异性siRNA转染高表达TrkB的SW620细胞,TrkB蛋白表达减少,ERK的磷酸化水平降低,且转染组细胞数显著低于对照组(P=0.001),转染组的细胞凋亡率显著高于对照组(P=0.000 1),24 h后侵袭至下层小室的细胞数转染组显著低于对照组(P=0.001);ERK抑制剂明显降低SW620细胞ERK磷酸化水平(P=0.001),而对ERK蛋白表达没有影响,且应用ERK抑制剂作用SW620细胞,对照组和处理组中细胞数没有显著差异(P=0.544),对照组和处理组中SW620细胞的凋亡率差异无统计学意义(P=0.103),但对照组24 h后侵袭至下层小室的细胞数显著高于处理组(P=0.0001)。结论:干扰TrkB蛋白表达能够降低高转移结肠腺癌SW620细胞内ERK磷酸化水平,促进细胞凋亡并抑制细胞增殖和侵袭。同时应用ERK特异性抑制剂也显著抑制细胞侵袭。因此ERK信号转导通路可能与TrkB介导的结肠腺癌细胞抗凋亡和侵袭能力的增加相关,沉默TrkB表达可能成为阻断结肠癌转移的新靶点。     

小分子ERK抑制剂的研究进展

细胞外信号调节激酶（ERK）是一种丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶。作为RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK信号通路中关键的下游蛋白,其异常活化在肿瘤的发生发展中起着重要作用。选择性ERK1/2抑制剂能够阻断ERK信号通路,同时克服上游靶点突变而导致的耐药性。本文概述了MAPK信号通路的组成、ERK的结构与功能以及ERK信号通路在肿瘤发生发展中的作用,并重点介绍一些具有代表性的处于临床和临床前研究阶段的ERK抑制剂。     

The role of ANXA5 in DBP-induced oxidative stress through ERK/Nrf2 pathway

Di-N-butylphthalate (DBP) have given rise to more and more attention due to its unique endocrine toxicity to male reproductive system. Our previous studies have demonstrated antioxidative Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid related factor 2) pathway play a vital role in DBP induced oxidative stress injury. ANXA5 (annexin A5), which is highly expressed in testicular Leydig and Sertoli cells, was found upregulated after DBP stimulation. Mouse Leydig and Sertoli cells were exposed to different concentration of DBP for 24 h to examine the ROS (Reactive oxygen species), MDA (Malondialdehyde), SOD (superoxide dismutase) level and ANXA5, Nrf2, NQO1 (NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1), HO-1 (heme oxygenase 1) and ERK/P-ERK protein expression by DHE (Dihydroethidium) staining, ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and Western blot respectively. Firstly, the oxidative stress injury induced by DBP was re-validated. Then, we confirmed the change of Nrf2 pathway and ANXA5 level after DBP exposure to testicular cells. Additionally, overexpressed ANXA5 could activate Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 antioxidant pathway and significantly attenuate DBP-induced oxidative stress. Ultimately, we demonstrated ANXA5 could increase ERK phosphorylated level and the activated role of ANXA5 on ERK/Nrf2 pathway could be reversed by ERK inhibitor. Overall, this study illuminated that ANXA5 could defend testicle Leydig and Sertoli cells against DBP-induced oxidative stress injury through ERK/Nrf2 pathway.     

Geraniin inhibits oral cancer cell migration by suppressing matrix metalloproteinase‐2 activation through the FAK/Src and ERK pathways

Geraniin has been reported to have numerous biological activities, including antiviral, antihypertensive, antihyperglycaemic, liver protective, antidiabetic, and apoptotic activities. However, the anti‐migration effects of geraniin on oral cancer remain elusive. In this study, we revealed the potential antitumor mechanisms of geraniin through the inhibition of the migration and invasion of human oral cancer cell lines SCC‐9 and SCC‐14. The results of gelatin zymography and Western blot assays revealed that geraniin significantly reduced the activity and expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) of oral cancer cells in a concentration‐dependent manner. Furthermore, geraniin potently suppressed the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Src, and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 but did not affect the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase 1/2. Moreover, blocking the MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway significantly enhanced the anti‐migration ability of geraniin in oral cancer cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated that geraniin inhibits the motility of SCC‐9 and SCC‐14 cells in vitro through a molecular mechanism that involves the attenuation of MMP‐2 expression and activity mediated by decreased FAK/Src and ERK1/2 pathways.