Decreased prevalence of Moraxella catarrhalis in addition to Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with upper respiratory tract infection after introduction of conjugated pneumococcal vaccine: a retrospective cohort study

ObjectivesTo study effects of the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) on the interspecies dynamics of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in preschool children with respiratory tract infection.MethodsNasopharyngeal samples from children aged ≤6 years with upper respiratory tract infection (n = 14 473) in South Sweden were analysed during 14 consecutive years, 5 years before and 9 years after PCV introduction. The yearly prevalence was calculated, and multivariate count regressions between prevalence and estimated yearly proportions of vaccinated children were performed. Associations between pneumococcal serotypes and the other pathogens were assessed.ResultsWhen comparing the prevaccine period with the years after introduction, the prevalence of S. pneumoniae decreased by 65.2% (16.4 to 5.7 per 1000 individuals; p < 0.001), whereas M. catarrhalis and H. influenzae decreased by 52.1% (21.5 to 10.3 per 1000 individuals; p < 0.001) and 46.6% (13.6 to 7.3 per 1000 individuals; p < 0.001), respectively. In multivariate negative binomial regressions adjusted for yearly numbers of samples taken, S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis were significantly negatively associated with increasing vaccine coverage proportions (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) = 0.17; p < 0.001 and aPR = 0.48; p < 0.001, respectively), whereas H. influenzae (aPR = 0.75; p = 0.17) was not. In addition, the proportion of cultures positive for S. pneumoniae as well as M. catarrhalis was significantly lower in the postvaccine period compared to the prevaccine period, while this was not the case for H. influenzae. A significant positive association between certain PCV serotypes and simultaneous growth with M. catarrhalis was observed.ConclusionsAfter introduction of PCV, the prevalence of M. catarrhalis in addition to S. pneumoniae in children with respiratory tract infection decreased; this was also the case after adjusting for reduced numbers of samples taken. This may partly be attributed to a positive association between PCV serotypes and M. catarrhalis.     

UCH37在鼻咽鳞状细胞癌中的表达及其与细胞增殖及侵袭的关系

【摘要】 目的 探讨泛素羧基水解酶37（UCH37）在鼻咽鳞状细胞癌组织及细胞中的表达,分析沉默UCH37对鼻咽鳞状细胞癌5-8F细胞恶性表型的影响及其机制。 方法 将转染UCH37NC的细胞设为UCH37NC组,转染UCH37siRNA的细胞设为UCH37siRNA组。采用实时定量聚合酶链式反应（qRT-PCR）及免疫组织化学染色（IHC）检测正常鼻咽上皮（NPE）和鼻咽鳞状细胞癌（NPC）组织及细胞中UCH37mRNA及蛋白的表达;应用小干扰RNA（siRNA）沉默5-8F细胞中UCH37的表达;应用5 乙炔基 2′ 脱氧尿苷（5 Ethynyl 2′ deoxyuridine,EdU）检测沉默UCH37对5 8F细胞增殖的影响;应用流式细胞术检测沉默UCH37对5-8F细胞凋亡的影响;应用细Transwell实验检测沉默UCH37对5-8F细胞迁移及侵袭能力的影响;应用免疫印迹（WB）和qRT PCR检测UCH37度基质金属蛋白酶 2（MMP-2）表达的影响。 结果 UCH37在鼻咽鳞状细胞癌组织及细胞中表达水平高于正常鼻咽上皮组织及细胞（P＜0.05）。UCH37表达与鼻咽鳞状细胞癌世界卫生组织（WHO）分型及TNM分期呈正相关（P＜0.05）。应用siRNA沉默5-8F细胞中UCH37 表达后,细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭及MMP-2表达均降低、细胞凋亡水平增加（P＜0.05）。 结论 UCH37在鼻咽鳞状细胞癌组织和细胞中表达显著升高,是鼻咽鳞状细胞癌细胞增殖和侵袭的潜在驱动因子。     

肾筋膜扩张器在尿道狭窄中的应用

目的:探讨尿道狭窄患者经常规金属尿道探子尿道扩张失败后,采用X射线直视下斑马导丝引导肾筋膜扩张器治疗尿道狭窄的技术可行性和疗效。方法:回顾分析15例尿道狭窄患者的临床资料。结果:15例患者均获得成功,无严重出血、尿瘘、尿失禁等并发症发生,术后定期行尿道扩张。结论:应用肾筋膜扩张器治疗经尿道探子尿道扩张失败的尿道狭窄患者,技术可行、操作简单、安全有效,值得应用。     

Actualités des traitements médicaux des cancers du nasopharynx

Nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) are predominantly of undifferentiated type (UCNT or undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal type), rare (< 1/100000) and sporadic in occidental countries, but endemic in the Mediterranean area of intermediate incidence (2 to 10/100000) and highly frequent (> 10/100000) in South East Asia. NPC staging is based on TNM UICC 2002 that has a prognostic and therapeutic orientation impact. Irradiation of the primitive tumor and its extensions remains the standard loco-regional treatment. The recent introduction of primary and concomitant chemotherapy leads to an improvement in terms of overall and disease-free survival, specially for for high-risk-patients (T3-4 and N2-3 disease). Prognosis remain linked to T, N, histologic type and quality of response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.     

Melanotic oncocytic metaplasia of the nasopharynx

Two cases of melanotic oncocytic metaplasia occurring in the nasopharynx are reported. One presented with serous otitis media and the other with tinnitus. Nasoscopic examination revealed a small brown nodule obstructing the Eustachian tube in both cases. While oncocytic metaplasia of the nasopharynx is not too uncommon, melanin pigmentation of the nasal or nasopharyngeal mucosa is very rare. To our knowledge, their combination has not been described.