中晚孕期胎儿静脉导管A波倒置与胎儿心脏畸形

目的探讨中晚孕期胎儿静脉导管A波倒置的临床诊断价值。方法选取资料完整的静脉导管A波倒置胎儿27胎,分析胎儿先天性心脏畸形特点,并与尸体检查及新生儿随访结果相对照。结果 27胎静脉导管A波倒置胎儿中,右心系统发育异常20胎(20/27,74.07%),其中右心发育不良综合征13胎,肺动脉瓣狭窄并三尖瓣重度反流3胎,Ebstein畸形并三尖瓣重度反流2胎,三尖瓣黏液样变性并重度反流1胎,单纯肺动脉瓣轻度狭窄1胎;锥干畸形5胎(5/27,18.52%),其中右心室双出口2胎,永存动脉干1胎,法洛四联症1胎,功能矫正型大动脉转位1胎;扩张型心肌病1例;卵圆孔血流受限1例。结论静脉导管A波倒置高度提示胎儿右心系统发育不良或胎儿锥干畸形。     

产前超声早期诊断胎儿前腹壁异常的临床意义

目的探讨早孕及中孕早期超声诊断胎儿前腹壁异常的临床意义。方法回顾性分析我院早孕及中孕早期超声诊断的21胎前腹壁异常胎儿超声表现及随访结果,分析比较前腹壁异常的超声声像图特征。结果早孕及中孕早期超声筛查出21胎胎儿前腹壁异常,均在首次超声检查时发现,均经引产直接观察或病理检查进一步证实;其中脐膨出12胎,泄殖腔外翻1胎,体蒂异常8胎。7胎接受羊水穿刺检查,1胎脐膨出为13-三体,余染色体未见异常。结论早孕及中孕早期超声检查可有效诊断及鉴别诊断前腹壁异常,具有重要临床意义。     

超声引导置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓

目的探讨超声引导置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的临床应用价值。方法收集55例下肢DVT患者,分为置管溶栓组(n=35)和对照组(n=20)。治疗前对所有患者均行超声检查以了解DVT情况。置管溶栓组:下腔静脉滤器置入术后,在超声引导下行患肢静脉置管,用微量泵持续向导管内给予尿激酶和肝素;对照组经静脉注射溶栓尿激酶和肝素进行全身治疗。治疗后所有患者均复查超声,观察疗效并进行比较。结果置管溶栓组所有患者置管成功,其中26例治愈,6例有效,3例无效,总有效率为91.43%(32/35)。对照组5例治愈,8例有效,7例无效,总有效率为65.00%(13/20)。两组疗效差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.99,P0.05)。结论超声引导置管溶栓治疗下肢DVT特异性高、见效快、疗程短,是治疗下肢DVT的有效方法。     

不同缺血程度的绞窄性肠梗阻超声表现：与手术病理对照

目的探讨不同缺血程度绞窄性肠梗阻的超声表现及临床意义。方法回顾性分析52例不同缺血程度绞窄性肠梗阻患者的声像图特征,并与手术、病理结果相对照。结果肠管缺血、但尚无坏死时,声像图特征包括肠壁增厚,呈低回声,横断面呈"面包圈征",黏膜皱襞水肿增厚,呈"珊瑚样"改变;8例肠壁间可见多个环状低回声,可呈"串珠样",血流信号为静脉血流频谱;13例腹腔积液,透声好。肠管缺血坏死时,声像图可见黏膜层与浆膜层呈"分离征"或"剥脱样"改变,局部管壁缺乏膨胀性,呈塌瘪征象;CDFI示局部肠壁间血流信号消失;12例腹腔积液,呈密集点状高回声群,动态观察短期内积液快速增多。结论超声可评价绞窄性肠梗阻所致不同程度肠管缺血,对临床诊断及治疗具有重要价值。     

中晚孕期超声显示鼻骨异常伴舌外伸检出唐氏综合征

目的探讨中晚孕期超声显示胎儿颜面部鼻骨异常伴伸舌辅助诊断唐氏综合征(DS)的价值。方法纳入资料完整的经胎儿系统超声筛查及羊水或脐带血染色体检查的中晚孕期孕妇5657名。观察并分析正中矢状切面胎儿鼻骨发育情况及舌尖位置,比较鼻骨异常、伸舌及鼻骨异常伴伸舌检出DS的效能。结果经染色体检查确诊49胎DS,其中鼻骨异常伴伸舌33胎、单纯鼻骨异常10胎、单纯伸舌2胎,无阳性表现4胎。根据鼻骨异常伴伸舌诊断DS的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为67.35%(33/49)、99.91%(5603/5608)、86.84%(33/38)和99.72%(5603/5619),其中阳性预测值较鼻骨异常、伸舌及鼻骨异常或伸舌明显增高(P0.0001)。结论中晚孕期颜面部正中矢状切面观察胎儿鼻骨异常和伸舌的表现,可提高DS的产前检出率。     

MRI评估胎儿神经系统畸形

目的探讨MRI诊断胎儿中枢神经系统畸形的价值及其应用指征。方法回顾性分析450例中枢神经系统畸形胎儿的超声和MRI资料,与产后诊断或尸体检查结果进行对照。结果 450例患者共检出神经系统病变594处,包括单纯侧脑室增宽99处、脑积水21处、小脑延髓池增宽59处、Dandy-Walker畸形/小脑发育不良45处、胼胝体发育不良/缺如67处、透明隔增宽6处、脑白质软化15处、室管膜下囊肿/出血30处、颅内出血26处、颅内实质性病变14处、蛛网膜囊肿60处、孔洞脑13处、脑裂14处、积水型无脑畸形3处、脑水肿1处、平滑脑4处、脑组织发育不良3处、全前脑20处、小头畸形8处、头形异常3处、开放性神经管缺陷68处、脑血管畸形5处、透明隔缺如2处、颅底凹陷症1处、枕骨大孔窄1处、囊性松果体1处、脉络丛病变5处。超声正确诊断487处,准确率81.99%(487/594),MRI正确诊断551处,准确率92.76%(551/594)。结论对于胎儿神经系统各种病变,超声和MRI各有优劣,明确MRI应用指征有助于指导合理地选择产前MRI,从而明确诊断。     

Serology and ultrasound for diagnosis of choledocholithiasis

Introduction

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is not a routine investigation to exclude choledocholithiasis unless there is clinical or biochemical suspicion of common bile duct (CBD) stones. This study attempted to determine which radiological or serological parameters best predicted CBD stones.

Methods

All patients undergoing MRCP from 2005 to 2011 were selected. Patients with pancreatitis were excluded. Liver function tests (LFTs) at admission and prior to MRCP were recorded, as was abdominal ultrasonography and MRCP results. Parameters measured routinely on LFTs included alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT) and bilirubin. Receiver operating characteristic curve area analysis (area under the curve [AUC]) and chi-squared analysis were undertaken.

Results

Overall, 195 patients were identified, 71 of whom had CBD stones on MRCP. Raised ALP levels on admission demonstrated a correlation with CBD stones (AUC: 0.619, odds ratio [OR]: 3.16, p=0.06). At ultrasonography, a dilated CBD (OR: 3.76, p<0.001) and intrahepatic duct dilation (OR: 5.56, p<0.001) were highly significant predictors. However, only 37% of patients had a dilated CBD on ultrasonography. Ongoing elevation of LFT parameters, particularly ALP (AUC: 0.707, OR: 4.64, p<0.001) and ALT (AUC: 0.646, OR: 5.40, p<0.001), displayed a significant correlation with CBD stones.

Conclusions

Ongoing (even if minor) elevations of liver function test parameters should prompt the need to exclude CBD stones even in the presence of a normal CBD diameter on ultrasonography.     

Value of Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Correlation with Electrophysiological Abnormalities and Clinical Severity

Objective

To investigate a diagnostic value of ultrasonography in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) patients and to evaluate a correlation of sonographic measurements with the degree of electrodiagnostic abnormalities and clinical severity.

Methods

Two-hundred-forty-six symptomatic hands in 135 patients and 30 asymptomatic hands in 19 healthy individuals as control group were included. In ultrasonographic study, we measured the cross-sectional area (CSA) and flattening ratio (FR) of the median nerve at the pisiform as well as palmar bowing (PB) of the flexor retinaculum. Sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonographic measurements were evaluated and ultrasonographic data from the symptomatic and control hands were compared to the grade of electrodiagnostic and clinical severity.

Results

The mean CSA was 13.7±4.2 mm² in symptomatic hands and 7.9±1.3 mm² in asymptomatic hands. The mean FR was 4.2±1.0 in symptomatic hands and 3.4±0.4 in asymptomatic hands. The mean PB was 3.5±0.5 mm in symptomatic hands and 2.6±0.3 mm in asymptomatic hands. Statistical analysis showed differences of the mean CSA, FR and PB between groups were significant. A cut-off value of 10 mm² for the mean CSA was found to be the upper limit for normal value. Both the mean CSA and PB are correlated with the grade of electrophysiological abnormalities and clinical severity, respectively.

Conclusion

Ultrasographic measurement of the CSA and PB is helpful to diagnose CTS as a non-invasive and an alternative modality for the evaluation of CTS. In addition, ultrasonography also provides a reliable correlation with the grade of electrodiagnostic abnormalities and clinical severity.     

超声诊断肾先天性异常的临床价值

目的探讨超声诊断肾先天性异常的临床价值。方法对首诊经超声诊断,并经CT、静脉肾盂造影及部分经手术病理证实的44例肾先天性异常患者进行回顾性总结分析。结果超声诊断肾先天性异常患者44例,归纳为6种异常。超声与CT、静脉肾盂造影及部分手术病理对比分析,相符43例,符合率97.7%(43/44),漏诊1例为异位肾伴发育不全,追踪发现一组家族性多囊肾、多囊肝患者。结论超声诊断肾先天性异常具有重要的临床价值,其有无创性、快速、经济、诊断符合率高等优势,可作为其临床首选检查方法。