机动车尾气暴露与儿童神经行为功能关系

目的探讨机动车尾气暴露及相关因素对儿童神经行为功能的影响,并寻找神经行为功能受点人群。方法在福建省泉州市某区选择机动车尾气污染水平不同的2所小学,整群选取二、三年级学生进行问卷调查和神经行为功能测试,最终选择861名研究对象进行分析;采用卡方自动交互检测法(CHAID)分析儿童神经行为功能的主要影响因素及各因素之间可能存在的交互作用。结果二年级有被动吸烟的女童和二年级有被动吸烟且生活在污染区的男童神经行为功能受影响率最高,分别为72.55%和67.24%;机动车尾气暴露是影响三年级儿童神经行为功能的首要因素。结论机动车尾气及被动吸烟暴露的儿童应该被视为重点关注和保护人群;避免在居室内吸烟、减少机动车尾气污染等措施有利于儿童神经行为功能发育。     

井冈山地区新生儿窒息流行现状及其危险因素

目的:了解井冈山地区新生儿窒息流行现状及特点,探讨新生儿窒息的危险因素。方法:采用横断面研究方法分析新生儿窒息现状及特点;用病例对照研究及Logistic回归分析方法探讨新生儿窒息的危险因素及其交互作用。结果:井冈山地区新生儿窒息发生率为16.1%,其中轻度窒息率为14.2%,重度窒息率为1.9%。单因素的Logistic回归分析表明,孕周、浮肿程度、早产、前置胎盘、宫内窘迫、羊水量、胎盘早剥、既往早产次数与新生儿窒息之间存在统计学关联(P≤0.05);多因素分析显示,早产、宫内窘迫和胎盘早剥进入了主效应模型,且三者间均不存在交互作用。结论:井冈山地区新生儿窒息率相对较高,但流行特征不明显;早产、宫内窘迫、胎盘早剥是导致新生儿窒息的三个主要独立危险因素。     

Predacious bacteria, Bdellovibrio with potential for biocontrol

Bacteria of the genus of Bdellovibrio are highly motile Gram-negative predators of other Gram-negative bacteria causing lysis of their prey. Here we report results of studies on the interactions of Bdellovibrio with species of Alcaligenes, Campylobacter, Erwinia, Escherichia, Helicobacter, Pseudomonas, Legionella, and Shigella in agar lower, liquid media and cells attached to a surface. Helicobacter pylori was studied employing both actively growing and viable but nonculturable (VBNC) cells. The majority of the bacterial strains tested were found to be susceptible to Bdellovibrio. A significant observation was that Bdellovibrio attacked both actively growing and VBNC H. pylori, that phenomenon has never been reported. The results indicate that bdellovibrios have potential as biocontrol agents.     

CYP3A5基因多态性与摄盐水平的交互作用对日本男性血压的影响

细胞色素P450酶系(Cytochrome P450,CYP)3A5酶参与原发性高血压的致病机制,CYP3A5基因可能是导致盐敏感性高血压的重要候选基因之一[1,2].本研究在日本男性人群中探讨CYP3A5/A6986G多态性与血压的关联,研究基因型与个体摄盐水平的交互作用对血压的影响,旨在通过探索基因-环境交互作用对血压的影响,分析CYP3A5基因对盐敏感性高血压的作用.     

应用酵母双杂交技术筛选和验证与DNA-PKcs磷酸化簇区域相互作用的蛋白

目的 通过酵母双杂交技术筛选与DNA依赖蛋白激酶的催化亚单位（DNA dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit,DNA-PKcs）磷酸化簇区域相互作用的蛋白并进行验证。方法 通过酵母双杂交技术,以之前构建的pGBKT7-DPC载体为诱饵,在人肝组织酵母文库中筛选与DNA-PKcs磷酸化簇区域相互作用的蛋白,对筛选出来的阳性酵母细胞克隆进行PCR鉴定、回转验证以及测序分析;构建诱饵蛋白和阳性克隆蛋白的真核表达载体,分别转染至人胚肾293T细胞中,检测诱饵蛋白和阳性克隆蛋白能否正确表达;最后将阳性克隆蛋白与诱饵蛋白共转染至293T细胞中,通过免疫共沉淀实验检测阳性克隆蛋白与诱饵蛋白之间的相互作用。结果 经过两轮酵母双杂交实验筛选得到12个文库质粒克隆,通过PCR鉴定确定7个插入片段长度互不相同的文库克隆,对7个文库克隆进行回转验证得到3个与DNA-PKcs磷酸化簇区域相互作用的蛋白,经测序分析显示分别为MBNL1、SIK2和YY1AP1。成功构建诱饵蛋白和3个阳性克隆蛋白的真核表达载体,且均能够在293T细胞中正确表达。免疫共沉淀实验证实筛选出来的3个阳性克隆蛋白均能够与DNA-PKcs磷酸化簇区域发生相互作用。结论 成功筛选到与DNA-PKcs磷酸化簇区域相互作用的蛋白并进行了验证。     

Intra‐ and Interindividual Variability in the Behavioral,Affective, and Perceptual Effects of Alcohol Consumption in a Social Context

Background

We examined the influence of interindividual differences in alcohol use on the intraindividual associations of drinking occurrence with interpersonal behaviors, affect, and perceptions of others during naturally occurring social interactions.

Methods

For 14 consecutive days, 219 psychology freshmen (55% female; M_age = 20.7 years, SD = 2.18) recorded their behaviors, affect, and perceptions in social interactions soon after an interpersonal event occurred. Interpersonal behaviors and perceptions were assessed in terms of dominance–submissiveness and agreeableness–quarrelsomeness. Participants also reported the number of alcoholic drinks consumed within 3 hours of each interaction. We considered the intraindividual associations of (i) having a drinking episode and (ii) the number of drinks during an episode with behaviors, affect, and perceptions and examined interindividual differences in drinking frequency and intensity during social interactions as potential moderators of these associations.

Results

Social drinking frequency and intensity moderated the associations between drinking episode and behaviors, affect, and perceptions in social interactions. During a drinking episode, more frequent social drinkers perceived others as more dominant than less frequent social drinkers. During a drinking episode in which more alcohol was consumed than usual, more frequent social drinkers also reported behaving more dominantly and experiencing less pleasant affect.

Conclusions

As more frequent social drinkers had different interpersonal responses to drinking than less frequent social drinkers, including when they had consumed larger amounts of alcohol than usual, our results suggest a differential susceptibility to the effects of alcohol during naturally occurring social interactions among drinkers with varying drinking frequency.     

How does the length of day shift affect patient care on older people's wards? A mixed method study

BackgroundInternationally, studies have focused on whether shift length impacts on patient care. There are also ongoing concerns about patient care for older people in hospital. The study aim was to investigate how length of day shift affects patient care in older people’s hospital wards.Objectives1) To explore how length of day shift affects patient care in older people’s wards; 2) To explore how length of day shift affects the quality of communication between nursing staff and patients/families on older people’s wardsDesignA mixed method case study.SettingsThe study was based on two older people’s wards in an acute hospital in England. One ward was piloting two, overlapping 8 h day shifts for 6 months while the other ward continued with 12 h day shifts.Participants and methodsQualitative interviews were conducted with 22 purposively recruited nursing staff (17 registered nurses; 5 nursing assistants). An analysis of patient discharge survey data was conducted (n = 279). Twenty hours of observation of nursing staff’s interactions with patients and families was conducted, using an adapted version of the Quality of Interaction Schedule (301 interactions observed), with open fieldnotes recorded, to contextualise the observations.ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences in patient survey results, or quality of interactions, between the two wards. There were three overall themes: Effects of day shift length on patient care; Effects of day shift length on continuity of care and relationships; Effects of day shift length on communication with patients and families. Nursing staff believed that tiredness could affect care and communication but had varied views about which shift pattern was most tiring. They considered continuity of care was important, especially for older people, but had mixed views about which shift pattern best promoted care continuity. The difficulties in staffing a ward with an 8 h day shift pattern, in a hospital that had a 12 h day shift pattern were highlighted. Other factors that could affect patient care were noted including: ward leadership, ward acuity, use of temporary staff and their characteristics, number of consecutive shifts, skillmix and staff experience.ConclusionsThere was no conclusive evidence that length of day shift affected patient care or nursing staff communication with patients and families. Nursing staff held varied views about the effects of day shift length on patient care. There were many other factors identified that could affect patient care in older people’s wards.     

Prenatal maternal stress in relation to the effects of prenatal lead exposure on toddler cognitive development

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of maternal lead exposure during pregnancy on toddler cognitive development and the potential effect modification by maternal stress.MethodsWe conducted a prospective birth-cohort study in Shanghai from 2010 to 2012 and investigated 225 mother-infant pairs. The mothers were recruited in mid-to-late pregnancy and children were followed up until 24–36 months old. A self-administered Symptom Checklist-90-Revised Scale (SCL-90-R) was used to assess maternal emotional stress during pregnancy. Maternal whole blood lead levels were measured during gestational weeks 28–36. The toddlers’ cognitive levels were assessed using the Gesell Development Scale. Multiple linear regression models were established to explore the main effects of prenatal lead exposure on toddlers’ cognitive abilities and the modifying effects of maternal stress. Covariate information was collected through interviews, questionnaires and medical records.ResultsThe mean maternal blood lead concentration was 3.30 (95%CI: 3.05, 3.57) μg/dL. After adjusting for relevant confounders, no significant associations of maternal blood lead concentrations with toddlers' cognitive levels were observed in all five domains of the Gesell scale (P > 0.05). However, the interaction between prenatal maternal blood lead and stress was significant in the domains of adaptive behavior, language and social behavior. When stratified by maternal stress levels, compared with non-significant associations (P > 0.05) among low (P1-P75) prenatal stress group, adverse associations between maternal blood lead concentrations (log10-transformed) and toddlers’ cognitive levels were observed among high (P75-P100) prenatal stress group in the domains of language (β = −33.82, 95%CI: −60.04, −7.59), social behavior (β = −41.00, 95%CI: −63.11, −18.89) and adaptive behavior (β = −17.93, 95%CI: −35.83, −0.03).ConclusionPrenatal maternal stress may exacerbate the deleterious effects of prenatal exposure to lead on toddler cognitive development.     

Polymorphisms in PDLIM5 gene are associated with alcohol dependence,type 2 diabetes,and hypertension

The PDZ and LIM domain 5 (PDLIM5) gene may play a role in alcohol dependence (AD), bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder; however, no study has identified shared genetic variants within PDLIM5 gene among AD, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and hypertension. This study investigated the association of 72 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) with AD (1066 AD cases and 1278 controls) in the Study of Addiction - Genetics and Environment (SAGE) sample and 47 SNPs with T2D (878 cases and 2686 non-diabetic) and hypertension (825 cases and 2739 non-hypertensive) in the Marshfield sample. Multiple logistic regression models in PLINK software were used to examine the associations of genetic variants with AD, T2D, and hypertension and SNP x alcohol consumption interactions for T2D and hypertension. Twenty-five SNPs were associated with AD in the SAGE sample (p < 0.05); rs1048627 showed the strongest association with AD (p = 5.53 × 10⁻⁴). Of the 25 SNPs, 5 SNPs showed associations with both AD in the SAGE sample and T2D in the Marshfield sample (top SNP rs11097432 with p = 0.00107 for T2D and p = 0.0483 for AD) while 6 SNPs showed associations with both AD in the SAGE sample and hypertension in the Marshfield sample (top SNP rs12500426 with p = 0.0119 for hypertension and p = 1.51 × 10⁻³ for AD). SNP (rs6532496) showed significant interaction with alcohol consumption for hypertension. Our results showed that several genetic variants in PDLIM5 gene influence AD, T2D and hypertension. These findings offer the potential for new insights into the pathogenesis of AD, T2D, and hypertension.