Structuring Memory Through Inference‐Based Event Segmentation

Although the stream of information we encounter is continuous, our experiences tend to be discretized into meaningful clusters, altering how we represent our past. Event segmentation theory proposes that clustering ongoing experience in this way is adaptive in that it promotes efficient online processing as well as later reconstruction of relevant information. A growing literature supports this theory by demonstrating its important behavioral consequences. Yet the exact mechanisms of segmentation remain elusive. Here, we provide a brief overview of how event segmentation influences ongoing processing, subsequent memory retrieval, and decision making as well as some proposed underlying mechanisms. We then explore how beliefs, or inferences, about what generates our experience may be the foundation of event cognition. In this inference‐based framework, experiences are grouped together according to what is inferred to have generated them. Segmentation then occurs when the inference changes, creating an event boundary. This offers an alternative to dominant theories of event segmentation, allowing boundaries to occur independent of perceptual change and even when transitions are predictable. We describe how this framework can reconcile seemingly contradictory empirical findings (e.g., memory can be biased toward both extreme episodes and the average of episodes). Finally, we discuss open questions regarding how time is incorporated into the inference process.     

急诊思维教学体系对临床学员的短期培训效果分析

目的评估基于"情境沉浸与案例融入"的急诊临床思维教学体系短期化培训实践效果。 方法选取参加浙江大学医学院附属第一医院急诊科临床轮转的各教学基地2017级~2019级学员和急诊科低年资医生（172例）为研究对象，按照便利抽样法进行分组。对照组（90例）按照传统急诊教学方法进行培训；实验组（82例）进行急诊临床思维体系培训，在短期化课程中，通过案例融入和情景沉浸的方式逐步将急诊临床思维体系融入到理论课教学、实践技能教学和医患沟通训练。培训后对所有学员进行A2型急诊临床思维试题考核。比较两组学员的一般资料，考核成绩，"动态性原则"、"剃刀原理"、"发散思维"、"模型化原则"、"一元论原则"、"整体性原则"、"扼制理论"和"证据论"急诊临床思维相应试题正确率以及"容易"、"中等"和"困难"试题正确率。 结果实验组学员经急诊临床思维教学体系短期化培训后的考核成绩较对照组明显提高[（81 ± 11）分vs. （77 ± 10）分，t = 2.412，P = 0.017]。同时，实验组学员"证据论"急诊临床思维相应试题正确率高于对照组[89.43%（220 / 246） vs. 80.74%（218 / 270），χ² = 7.576，P = 0.006]；而两组学员"动态性原则"、"剃刀原理"、"发散思维"、"模型化原则"、"一元论原则"、"整体性原则"和"扼制理论"相应试题正确率比较，差异均无统计学意义（P均> 0.05）。两组学员"困难"试题正确率比较，差异具有统计学意义[75.30% （494 / 656） vs. 70.56%（508 / 720），χ² = 3.911，P = 0.048]；而"容易"和"中等"试题正确率比较，差异均无统计学意义（P均> 0.05）。 结论基于"情境沉浸与案例融入"的急诊临床思维教学体系可在短期课程训练后有效提高学员的各种急诊临床思维能力，尤其是对困难问题的解决能力，并达到预期设定的教学目标。     

Le « soin » pensé au nom des personnes handicapées : quels enjeux éthiques et de pouvoir ?

The Article L. 1111-6-1 of the French code of Public Health Regulations was created by the law of February 11th, 2005 for equal rights and opportunities, as well as for the involvement and citizenship of persons with disabilities. It allows a person with long-lasting inability to independently carry out activities prescribed by her physician – inability due to functional limitations in the use of upper limbs – to design a caregiver (professional or not) to accomplish those acts on her behalf. From the day of its coming into force, this article has been prone to controversies around its interpretation. However, such controversies do not necessarily directly include persons with disabilities and may level ethical and power relations’ issues that exist in various spaces of interdisciplinary debate.     

形成性评价在高等中医院校《形势与政策》课中的实践与思考

形成性评价作为一种全新的教学评价方式,对于加强高校《形势与政策》课的建设有着重要的意义。当前,要激发学生的学习兴趣,培养其思考问题、分析问题和解决问题的能力,培养优秀的中医医学人才,体现高等中医院校的特色,亟需完善教学评价机制,从而提高《形势与政策》课的有效性。     

以深圳市龙华新区社区为例分析中医药服务现状

从供需双方的角度探讨社区中医药服务现状,以及促进中医药社区卫生服务健康的发展策略。对龙华新区14个社区卫生服务中心的从业人员（80人）和服务对象（800人）进行问卷调查,运用比率、SWOT法进行分析,在回收从业人员合格问卷75份、服务对象合格问卷736份中,双方在中医药服务供需对比、治疗方法倾向和对中医药疗法的看法上存在不同程度的差异,社区中医药服务存在从业人员不足和/或服务对象需求不足,建议各社区卫生服务中心根据供需情况因时、因地、因人提供不同类别、不同层次的中医药服务。     

潜山县农村居民生活饮用水现状及对策研究

目的了解潜山县农村居民生活饮用水现状,分析农村生活用水管理中存在的问题,为政府相关部门提供改善此类地区饮用水水质和卫生设施提供相关资料。方法对全县16个乡镇各类水厂、引水工程,随机抽取70家,枯水期和丰水期各采一份样,对其中的20项指标监测进行分析。结果生活饮用水枯水期合率为60.0%,丰水期合格率只有22.9%,总大肠菌群超标严重。结论潜山县农村居民生活饮用水水质合格率低,应加强消毒和监测工作,防止水源性传播疾病发生。     

Situation awareness in obsessive-compulsive disorder

Past studies have suggested that OCD patients suffer memory impairment on tasks using complex stimuli that require memory for combined elements to be maintained, but not for more simplistic memory tests. We tested this with 42 OCD patients and 42 healthy controls performed a computerized situation awareness task. In addition, participants completed the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI). The OCD patients had poorer accuracy in integration/comprehension and perception levels than controls. There were significant correlations between situational awareness scores (i.e., visuo-spatial monitoring and processing) and Y-BOCS obsession–compulsion and slowness and doubt scores of MOCI in OCD patients. In addition, there were also significant correlations between situational awareness and controlling, cleaning, slowness, rumination and total scores of MOCI in control group. Results indicated that (I) OCD patients have problems of perception, integration, and comprehension of complex visual perceptions; (II) situation awareness deficits associated with severity and prevalence of obsessions and compulsions.     

滨湖区托幼机构教职工手足口病知识知晓现状分析

目的了解滨湖区托幼机构教职工手足口病防控知识水平和相关态度,为开展手足口病防控和健康教育宣传工作提供依据。方法采用整群抽样的方法抽取辖区内58所托幼机构,共教职工447名,采用不记名封闭式问卷形式进行调查。结果滨湖区托幼机构教职工对9条手足口病防控知识的总体知晓率为89.16%,总体全部知晓率46.98%。结论应对托幼机构教职工开展针对性的健康宣传教育,提高手足口病防控知识知晓率,保障幼儿身心健康。     

航线飞行特质人格和航线飞行工作情境人格对飞行员心理健康的影响

目的 考察航线飞行特质人格和航线飞行工作情境人格对航线飞行员心理健康的影响. 方法 采用自编量表“航线飞行员人格量表”和临床症状自评量表(SCL-90)对南方航空公司及其分公司的286名男性飞行员进行心理测量研究. 结果 心理健康的各个因子均值在1.36～1.64之间,心理健康总评分也在2分以下.另外,阳性项目数平均值为25.57,远远小于40的异常标准,并且无明显峰值出现.总体健康水平和航线飞行特质人格的相关系数(-0.75)显著高于和航线飞行工作情境人格的相关系数(-0.17);航线飞行特质人格和航线飞行工作情境人格均单独对心理健康有直接影响作用;另外,航线飞行特质人格还可通过影响航线飞行工作情境人格进而影响心理健康. 结论 航线飞行员整体心理健康状况良好;两种人格对心理健康均有预测作用,其中航线飞行特质人格显示了较强的预测作用,航线飞行工作情境人格在航线飞行特质人格对心理健康的影响中发挥着部分中介作用.     

无偿献血用血返还现状分析与展望

无偿献血用血返还政策是我国地方各级政府贯彻落实《献血法》,推动无偿献血持续发展的重要措施。简述了我国无偿献血用血返还政策的现状,指出目前主要存在问题有:返还人数、金额、经费逐年递增;返还经费保障、来源不一;各地返还方式方法不同,异地返还困难;互助金高昂等。并结合文献,就无偿献血用血返还政策的未来发展进行了展望。