1999年幽门螺杆菌若干问题的共识意见发表3年后的调查报告

背景：我国为幽门螺杆菌(H．pylori)感染高发地区。1999年制定的H.pylori若干问题的共识意见有助于临床医师正确诊治H.pylori感染患者。目的：了解共识意见发表3年后我国临床医师如何处理H.pylori感染。方法：设计由16个问题组成的问卷调查表，在中华医学会消化病学分会网站和医学空间网站上公布。结果：共收到合格答卷511份，57．1％的医师经常检查H.pylori感染。常用的检测方法是：快速尿素酶试验(RUT)60％，尿素呼气试验(UBT)40％，组织病理学检查36％。治疗H.pylori感染时，74．5％的医师选择三联疗法，19．0％选择四联疗法，5．7％选择二联疗法。50％的医师选用质子泵抑制剂(PPI) 两种抗生素，41％选用铋剂 两种抗生素，34％选用H2受体阻滞剂(H2RA)／PPI 铋剂 两种抗生素，14％选用雷尼替丁构橡酸铋(RBC) 两种抗生素；45％的医师选用呋喃唑酮。93％的医师认为H．pylori耐药是一严重问题。95％的医师选用四联疗法作为补救治疗，或更换更敏感的药物，或增加抗生素的剂量和疗程。83％的医师根除治疗后复查H.pylori感染情况。52％的医师获取诊治H.pylori感染相关信息的来源为1999年H.pylori处理共识意见。结论：共识意见对临床医师正确处理H.pylori感染起重要作用。     

Fracture-related infection: A consensus on definition from an international expert group

Fracture-related infection (FRI) is a common and serious complication in trauma surgery. Accurately estimating the impact of this complication has been hampered by the lack of a clear definition. The absence of a working definition of FRI renders existing studies difficult to evaluate or compare. In order to address this issue, an expert group comprised of a number of scientific and medical organizations has been convened, with the support of the AO Foundation, in order to develop a consensus definition.The process that led to this proposed definition started with a systematic literature review, which revealed that the majority of randomized controlled trials in fracture care do not use a standardized definition of FRI. In response to this conclusion, an international survey on the need for and key components of a definition of FRI was distributed amongst all registered AOTrauma users. Approximately 90% of the more than 2000 surgeons who responded suggested that a definition of FRI is required. As a final step, a consensus meeting was held with an expert panel. The outcome of this process led to a consensus definition of FRI.Two levels of certainty around diagnostic features were defined. Criteria could be confirmatory (infection definitely present) or suggestive. Four confirmatory criteria were defined: Fistula, sinus or wound breakdown; Purulent drainage from the wound or presence of pus during surgery; Phenotypically indistinguishable pathogens identified by culture from at least two separate deep tissue/implant specimens; Presence of microorganisms in deep tissue taken during an operative intervention, as confirmed by histopathological examination. Furthermore, a list of suggestive criteria was defined. These require further investigations in order to look for confirmatory criteria.In the current paper, an overview is provided of the proposed definition and a rationale for each component and decision. The intention of establishing this definition of FRI was to offer clinicians the opportunity to standardize clinical reports and improve the quality of published literature. It is important to note that the proposed definition was not designed to guide treatment of FRI and should be validated by prospective data collection in the future.     

Fate of meta-analyses: The case of Helicobacter pylori

AIM: To overview the current diversity of meta-analysis and the implementation of their results in international guidelines. METHODS: Relevant meta-analysis were identified from PubMed/Medline. The topics of meta-analyses were determined. Some topics (genetics, extragastric tumors) were analysed separately. Core journals publishing meta-analyses on Helicobacter pylori were ranked. The rate of citation of meta-analysis in major guidelines was calculated. RESULTS: Between 1992 and 2014, some 356 meta-analyses were published on PubMed. These mainly appeared in core journals, but were also found in 128 other journals. Eradicating of the infection was the most addressed topic with 134 articles. Meta-analyses were rarely used in formulating statements and recommendations in the international guidelines. In other topics - genetics, extraintestinal manifestations - meta-analyses were rather overused. CONCLUSION: The implementation of meta-analysis in current guidelines is rather rare, while other topics benefit from many studies. A more extensive use of meta-analyses in evidence-based medicine is recommended in the future, otherwise their continuous proliferation will lose reason and scientific significance.     

人体成分指标对预测鼻咽癌患者营养不良初步探讨

目的 探讨鼻咽癌患者同步放化疗期间营养状况与生活质量相关性,以期探索人体成分中评价营养不良最合适指标。方法 采用前瞻性方法以2014-2015年在复旦大学附属肿瘤医院放疗科48例鼻咽癌患者作为研究对象。采用欧洲肠外肠内营养学会营养不良诊断共识及患者主观整体评估方法进行营养评估,并采用生物电阻抗法观察同步放化疗期间患者的人体成分变化;采用Pearson法相关分析研究营养状况与生活质量的相关性;采用Logistics回归分析预测鼻咽癌患者营养状况的影响因素。结果 同步放化疗期间随时间变化人体成分指标如体重、体重指数、脂肪组织指数、去脂组织指数、体细胞量、骨骼肌量及相位角均有不同程度下降,患者主观整体评估评分逐渐升高(P=0.00)。根据2015年欧洲肠外肠内营养学会营养不良诊断共识检出放疗期间鼻咽癌营养不良发生率为2.1%~39.6%,根据患者主观整体评估评分检出率为12.5%~41.7%,两种方法在放疗第4、6周的一致性较好(Kappa=0.911、0.957)。放疗期间去脂组织指数和体重变化值与生活质量评分变化值存在相关性(r=0.805,P=0.00)(r=0.777,P=0.00)。因素分析显示年龄、脂肪组织指数、去脂组织指数对营养状况有显著影响(P=0.035、0.013、0.043)。结论 鼻咽癌患者放化疗期间营养状况下降明显,营养状况与患者生活质量密切相关,建立营养状况预测模型可更为全面准确地判断患者营养状况。     

2016年原发性肝癌放疗共识

随着技术进步,放疗对原发性肝癌的有效性和安全性都在不断提高,但国内至今仍无相关共识。因此,肝癌放疗的相关协会,包括中华医学会放射肿瘤学分会、中国生物医学工程学会精确放疗分会肝癌学组与消化系统肿瘤专家委员会、中国研究型医院学会放射肿瘤学分会肝癌学组共同讨论,最终形成原发性肝癌放疗共识。主要内容包括:对早中期肝癌患者,如不能进行手术切除或射频消融可考虑局部放疗,特别是SBRT;对中晚期肝癌患者,放疗可以和TACE或肝动脉灌注化疗或全身药物治疗联合,以提高治疗效果;对于晚期伴有远处转移的肝癌患者,放疗可以作为姑息减征手段,提高患者生活质量,延长生存期。虽然放疗是肝癌有效治疗手段之一,但仍需前瞻、随机、对照的Ⅲ期研究,以获得更高级别的临床证据,进一步确立放疗在肝癌治疗中的地位。     

临床常见产AmpC β-内酰胺酶菌株中染色质ampC共同序列的研究

目的分析临床常见AmpC β-内酰胺酶（简称AmpC酶）产酶菌株中染色质ampC的基因序列,从而为AmpC酶的分子生物学检测以及其调控机制研究提供理论依据。方法 57株临床常见AmpC酶产酶菌株分离自医院感染患者样本,抽提细菌染色质DNA,聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增ampC基因并连接入pMD19-T载体,双链测序后比对同种细菌之间和不同种细菌之间染色质ampC基因的同源性和共同序列。根据共同序列设计引物,进一步利用该引物检测染色质ampC。结果 57株细菌的基因组中,使用PCR扩增出染色质ampC基因41株,并成功测定了其ampC基因的序列。比对后发现大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和产气肠杆菌的染色质ampC菌种内有很高的同源性,但细菌之间的同源性较低。根据共同序列设计出菌种特异性PCR引物,能够有效的鉴定出染色质ampC基因。结论大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和产气肠杆菌各自染色质ampC具有高度同源性,其菌种特异性的ampC引物可用来检测其染色质ampC的存在。     

恶性肿瘤放射治疗患者肠内营养专家共识

所有恶性肿瘤放疗患者均应进行营养不良三级诊断,包括营养筛查、营养评估和综合测定。营养风险筛查推荐 采用NRS 2002 量表,营养评估推荐采用PG-SGA 量表。不推荐对恶性肿瘤放疗患者常规进行营养治疗。临床医师应该综 合评估患者的营养状况（PG-SGA评分）及放疗过程中急性放射损伤（RTOG 分级）,筛选出具备营养治疗适应证的患者, 选择合理的营养治疗路径,及时给予营养治疗。恶性肿瘤放疗患者的营养治疗采用五阶梯治疗原则,肠内营养途径的选择 采用四阶梯原则。不推荐放疗前预防性置入营养管,除非患者存在以下一种或多种情况：明显体重丢失（1 个月内大于5% 或者6 个月内大于10%）、BMI 小于18.5、严重吞咽梗阻或疼痛、严重厌食、脱水、预期将发生严重放射性口腔或食道黏 膜炎。恶性肿瘤放疗患者能量摄入推荐量为25~30kcal/(kg·d),但应在放疗过程中根据肿瘤负荷、应激状态和急性放射损伤 动态调整。恶性肿瘤放疗患者应该减少碳水化合物在总能量中的供能比例,提高蛋白质、脂肪的供能比例。谷氨酰胺对 降低放射性皮肤毒性、放射性黏膜炎的发生率和严重程度有益处,ω-3 PUFA 有利于提高放疗患者免疫功能,调节机体炎性 反应,建议在肠内营养配方中加入。在恶性肿瘤放疗患者肠内营养过程中,医师应该根据不同观察指标的反应快慢对肠内 营养的疗效和不良反应进行定期评价。患者出院后,如果仍存在经口摄入营养不足或营养管依赖的情况,应该给予家庭肠 内营养治疗和管理。     

Management of chronic spontaneous urticaria in routine clinical practice: A Delphi-method questionnaire among specialists to test agreement with current European guidelines statements

BackgroundChronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a frequent clinical entity that often presents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.ObjectiveTo explore the degree of agreement that exists among the experts caring for patients with CSU diagnosis, evaluation, and management.MethodsAn online survey was conducted to explore the opinions of experts in CSU, address controversial issues, and provide recommendations regarding its definition, natural history, diagnosis, and treatment. A modified Delphi method was used for the consensus.ResultsThe questionnaire was answered by 68 experts (dermatologists, allergologists, and primary care physicians). A consensus was reached on 54 of the 65 items posed (96.4%). The experts concluded that CSU is a difficult-to-control disease of unpredictable evolution. Diagnostic tests should be limited and based on clinical history and should not be indiscriminate. Autoinflammatory syndromes and urticarial vasculitis must be ruled out in the differential diagnosis. A cutaneous biopsy is only recommended when wheals last more than 24 h, to rule out urticarial vasculitis. The use of specific scales to assess the severity of the disease and the quality of life is recommended. In patients with severe and resistant CSU, second-generation H1-antihistamines could be used at doses up to four times the standard dose before giving second-line treatments. Omalizumab is a safe and effective treatment for CSU that is refractory to H1-antihistamines treatment. In general, diagnosis and treatment recommendations given for adults could be extrapolated to children.ConclusionsThis work offers consensus recommendations that may be useful in the management of CSU.