2013 - 2016年上海市浦东新区一二期梅毒时空扫描分析

目的　了解上海市浦东新区2013 - 2016年一二期梅毒的时空分布规律,为梅毒防控措施的科学制定提供参考依据。方法　 梅毒的发病数据来源于传染病报告信息系统,浦东新区各街镇的人口数来源于上海浦东统计年鉴,街镇的边界地图使用国家测绘局2015年版shp格式的地图数据。采用Excel 2010和SPSS 22整理分析数据,采用SaTScan 9.3的回顾法泊松模型进行时空聚集性扫描,采用ArcGIS 10.5将扫描结果可视化。检验水准 取0.05。结果　上海市浦东新区2013 - 2016年一二期梅毒的发病率分别为45.78/10万、40.91/10万、40.49/10万、39.09/10万,发病类型以一期梅毒为主,占58.57%,性别以男性为主,占64.14%,年龄以20～60岁的青壮年为主,占77.65%。发病时间具有一定的波动性,在每年的8月份左右出现发病的高峰,高峰月份的发病人数呈缓慢下降的趋势（趋势卡方检验χ2 = 0.001,P = 0.047）。发病时间聚集出现在2013年1月1日 - 2013年9月21日期间。发病率相对较高的区域包括高桥、塘桥、三林、周浦等地,具有统计学意义的空间聚集区域有7个、时空聚集区域有3个（P＜0.05）。　结论　通过对一二期梅毒的时空聚集性研究,可为梅毒防控措施的科学制定及卫生资源的优化配置提供一定参考。     

2005 - 2016年桂林市流行性腮腺炎的流行特征和时空分析

目的 了解桂林市2005 - 2016年流行性腮腺炎的流行病学特征和聚集区分布,为该地区的腮腺炎防治提供有效的依据。方法 对所收集的报告病例进行人群、时间、地点的三间分布情况进行描述,进一步运用地理信息系统对桂林市各区县进行空间自相关分析和时空扫描分析,识别腮腺炎发病的时空聚集区。结果 2005 - 2016年,桂林市共20 796例腮腺炎报告病例,平均发病率35.4/10万,男女比例为1.4∶1,以5～9岁儿童多见,占总人群的40.7%,流行高峰在春末夏初的5 - 7月,主要发生于幼托机构及学校。空间自相关结果显示,Moran's I＞0、P＜0.05,表明桂林市腮腺炎的发病有地区聚集性。时空扫描结果显示:一级聚集区发生在象山区、秀峰区、叠彩区、七星区和雁山区,聚集时间为2010年5月 - 2012年6月,聚集范围半径为17.6 km。结论 针对桂林市流行性腮腺炎主要发生于幼托机构和5～9岁儿童,且主要聚集在五大城区,提示今后应根据桂林市腮腺炎疫情的高危人群和热点区域制定针对性的干预措施。     

Receptor–receptor interactions: A novel concept in brain integration

A brief historical presentation of the hypothesis on receptor–receptor interactions as an important integrative mechanism taking place at plasma membrane level is given. Some concepts derived from this integrative mechanism especially the possible assemblage of receptors in receptor mosaics (high-order receptor oligomers) and their relevance for the molecular networks associated with the plasma membrane are discussed. In particular, the Rodbell's disaggregation theory for G-proteins is revisited in the frame of receptor mosaic model.     

替格瑞洛和氯吡格雷对早期行PCI术的NSTE-ACS合并T2DM患者围术期炎症因子的影响

[目的]比较替格瑞洛与氯吡格雷对早期行经皮冠状动脉支架植入术(PCI)的非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征(NSTE-ACS)合并2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者围术期炎症因子的影响.[方法]选择2015年9月至2017年2月本院收治的117例早期行PCI术的NSTE-ACS合并T2DM患者,根据患者服用的抗血小板聚集药物不同将其分为氯吡格雷组(n=72)和替格瑞洛组(n=45).两组均给予常规治疗,均在PCI术前给予阿司匹林片300 mg负荷量,之后为100 mg/d,氯吡格雷组在PCI术前予氯吡格雷300 mg负荷量,之后按每次75 mg,1次/日;替格瑞洛组在PCI术前予替格瑞洛180 mg负荷量,之后按每次90 mg,2次/日.分别于术前、术后6 h、术后24 h、术后3 d、术后1周检测高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素 1β (IL-1β) 、可溶性 CD40 配体 (sCD40L)水平.[结果]PCI术前,两组hs-CRP、IL-6、 IL-1β 、sCD40L水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);PCI后6 h,两组hs-CRP、IL-6、 IL-1β、sCD40L水平较术前升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组hs-CRP、IL-6、 IL-1β 、sCD40L升高水平比较,替格瑞洛组低于氯吡格雷组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);PCI后24 h、3 d、1周两组hs-CRP、IL-6、 IL-1β 、sCD40L水平均下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),PCI后24 h、3 d、1周两组hs-CRP、IL-6、 IL-1β 、sCD40L下降水平比较,替格瑞洛组低于氯吡格雷组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).[结论]氯吡格雷和替格瑞洛对合并T2DM的NSTE-ACS患者PCI术后早期炎症反应均有明显抑制作用,且替格瑞洛的抑制作用明显优于氯吡格雷.     

Using flow cytometry to monitor glycoprotein IIb-IIIa activation

Platelet-to-platelet aggregation is critical to the formation of hemostatic thrombi which limit bleeding following vascular injury and also contributes to obstructive thrombi in acute myocardial infarction, stroke, or other thrombotic diseases. Platelet aggregation is mediated by platelet surface glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa (integrin αIIbβ3, CD41/61) on adjacent platelets. Upon platelet activation by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), thrombin, or other platelet agonists, GPIIb-IIIa undergoes conformational changes from a “resting” bent conformation to an “activated” extended conformation. In GPIIb-IIIa’s activated conformation, a binding site is exposed which interacts with the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) residues in the fibrinogen alpha chain, permitting fibrinogen binding and cross-bridging of adjacent activated platelets. Consequently, changes in the state of GPIIb-IIIa activation closely correlate with fibrinogen binding and the degree of platelet-platelet aggregation. In contrast to radiolabeled ligand methods used for bulk receptor-binding studies, flow cytometry allows the rapid analysis of fibrinogen receptor expression on single cells, thereby enabling analysis of the kinetics of GPIIb-IIIa activation and differences between platelets in their expression of activated GPIIb-IIIa. The present review will consider the use of flow cytometry to monitor GPIIb-IIIa activation and its application in clinical and research settings.     

脑小血管病的诊断和治疗

脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD)是指颅内小血管病变所致临床、认知、影像学及病理表现的综合征.由于CSVD发病隐匿、病因不明、临床表现多样、短期预后较好,因此易被忽视,造成误诊、漏诊和不规范的诊疗.文章就CSVD的临床表现、影像学特征、诊断和治疗进展进行了综述.     

Book reviews

Myointima formation or intimal hyperplasia is a major undesirable problem at the anastomotic ends of narrow bore arterial autografts and in other arterial wall injuries, which often leads to late restenosis and thrombosis and whose pathogenesis is still not understood. Platelets are suspected to intervene at some stages of its development, together with endothelial and muscle cells, the extracellular matrix and, most probably, adhesion receptors. To ascertain whether and at what stage beta 3 integrins are involved, a rat arterial autograft model was used, together with monoclonal antibody P37, which is directed to the sequence 101-109 of the beta 3 subunit of the human platelet fibrinogen receptor integrin alpha IIb beta 3 and inhibits platelet aggregation in vitro and acute thrombosis in vivo . Three groups of animals were used: group I underwent an arterial autograft of a 5-mm segment of the right common iliac artery; group II received, intravenously, a single dose 0.8 mg kg of P37 at 15 min before the graft implantation; and group III was treated as group II but a similar dose of antibody was additionally given on day 14 after the operation. Animals in each group were sacrificed on days 7, 14, 21, 30 and 50 after the operation, and the grafts were removed for light and electron microscopy observation and further time-dependent morphometric analysis. By day 14, group I autografts already showed intimal hyperplasia and secretory smooth muscle cells, while group II and II autografts presented only some degenerative changes in the medial layer, with no signs of hyperplasia. Intimal hyperplasia was observed on day 21 in group II and on day 30 in group III, although less pronounced than in the corresponding controls. However, by day 50, the three groups had the same thickness of myointima. The immunohistochemical determination of metalloproteases suggests no role for these enzymes in the immunoinhibition of myointima formation. We conclude that P37 inhibits the onset of the intimal hyperplasia in the arterial autografts and that this onset in treated animals seems to be related to the decay of the circulating antibody. Further work is required to decide whether a higher or longer presence of circulating P37 can definitively prevent the development of intimal hyperplasia, as well as to ascertain which cells and which beta 3 integrin receptors intervene.     

Studies on the improvement of leucodepletion performance of the Haemonetics MCS+ for production of leucodepleted platelet concentrate

With the implementation of universal leucodepletion, an in-line, negatively charged LRF6H leucodepleting filter became an essential part of the Haemonetics MCS+ plateletpheresis system. A larger-scale (968) study using the standard protocol revealed a 2.79% leucodepletion failure rate (standard < 5 2 10 6 leucocytes per adult therapeutic dose). Factors influencing the efficacy of the filter were investigated. The pH of the filtrate was 7.0, the temperature 28°C and filtration rate 80 ml/min. Reduction of the filtration rate to 30 ml/min (784 doses) reduced leucodepletion failure to 0.38%. Measurement of the leucocyte count, pre- and post-filtration of the platelet products, revealed that donations from 1% of donors contained substantially larger numbers of leucocytes in pre-filter samples (300-1500/ w l) than in control samples (35-70/ w l). This number tends to increase progressively with subsequent donations in these individuals, leading to leucodepletion failure, whilst peripheral leucocyte counts remain normal. The new continuous filtration protocol (version C) using a less impact filter LRF-XL and a lower (7 ml/min) head pressure was also effective but failure still occurred twice on one of the donors who persistently showed high pre-filter count. We conclude that leucodepletion failures in the Haemonetics system are related to both donor leucocyte (i.e., being light and non-adherent) and operational/filter performance.     

磁性纳米颗粒体外致栓性的研究

目的通过探讨体外不同浓度50am葡聚糖包裹磁性纳米材料的致栓性,评价其作为药物载体的发伞性。方法以PBS为对照组,将0．02mg／ml、0．1mg／ml、0．5mg／ml浓度的磁性纳米颗粒与血浆或全血在体外共孵育,检测血小扳聚集率、凝血功能、血凝块质量及血栓弹力图。结果（1）PBS组、0．02mg／ml SPIO组、0．1mg／ml SPIO组及0．5mg／ml SPIO组血小板聚集率分别为67．3±5．9％、68．3±4．5％、66．2±5．5％及69．5±5．9％（P〉0．05）;（2）4组的APTT值分别为28．1±2．7S、28．5±2．4S、28．2±2．5S及29．1±3．6S（P〉0．05）,PT值和TT值各组间也无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。（3）血栓弹力图各参数（反应凝血功能的R时间、反应纤维蛋自原功能的K时间及α角、反应血小板功能的MA值、凝血综合指数CI）,各组间比较差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）。（4）4组的血凝块质量分别为759．6±38．7mg、758.8±47．2mg、769．8±39．2mg和766．8±40．8mg,组问比较无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论50nm葡聚糖包裹磁性纳米材料在一定浓度范围内（0．02mg／ml-0．5mg／ml）对血小板聚集、凝血功能、血凝块质量及血栓弹力图均无明显影响,表明其无致栓性．血液相容性较好,可较为安全的应用于血栓性疾病的研究。