论药品责任的发展风险抗辩

目的:对产品责任法上的发展风险抗辩在药品责任判定中的适用与限制进行探讨,指明法律完善的方向。方法:通过比较法和利益衡量的研究方法,对药品责任发展风险抗辩问题进行深入剖析。结果与结论:鉴于药品风险的不可避免性和药品对于公共健康的重要意义,发展风险原则上应可作为药品责任的抗辩事由。但为了平衡对患者利益的保护,发展风险抗辩的适用应加以限制,并以风险分散性救济机制作为补救。     

Emergency Medicine Interest Groups

Emergency Medicine Interest Groups (EMIGs) serve as a bountiful resource for students interested in pursuing a career in Emergency Medicine (EM). In this article we elaborate on how medical students can get involved as members in an EMIG, discuss opportunities for leadership through these groups, detail how to make the most out of the EMIG (including a listing of important lectures, workshops/labs and opportunities for growth and advancement), provide a framework for how to institute a new EMIG when one does not exist, and discuss considerations for international EMIG groups.     

Efficacy and Safety of Tofacitinib in Ulcerative Colitis Based on Prior Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor Failure Status

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Clearance of depot vaccine SPIO-labeled antigen and substrate visualized using MRI

Immunotherapies, including peptide-based vaccines, are a growing area of cancer research, and understanding their mechanism of action is crucial for their continued development and clinical application. Exploring the biodistribution of vaccine components may be key to understanding this action. This work used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to characterize the in vivo biodistribution of the antigen and oil substrate of the vaccine delivery system known as DepoVax^TM. DepoVax uses a novel adjuvanted lipid-in-oil based formulation to solubilise antigens and promote a depot effect. In this study, antigen or oil were tagged with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO), making them visible on MR images. This enables tracking of individual vaccine components to determine changes in biodistribution.Mice were injected with SPIO-labeled antigen or SPIO-labeled oil, and imaged to examine clearance of labeled components from the vaccine site. The SPIO-antigen was steadily cleared, with nearly half cleared within two months post-vaccination. In contrast, the SPIO-oil remained relatively unchanged. The biodistribution of the SPIO-antigen component within the vaccine site was heterogeneous, indicating the presence of active clearance mechanisms, rather than passive diffusion or drainage. Mice injected with SPIO-antigen also showed MRI contrast for several weeks post-vaccination in the draining inguinal lymph node. These results indicate that MRI can visualize the in vivo longitudinal biodistribution of vaccine components. The sustained clearance is consistent with antigen up-take and trafficking by immune cells, leading to accumulation in the draining lymph node, which corresponds to the sustained immune responses and reduced tumor burden observed in vaccinated mice.     

Primary anti-D immunization by weak D type 2 RBCs

BACKGROUND: D is the most immunogenic blood group antigen. In about 0.4 percent of whites, D is expressed on RBCs in a weak form. Recently, it was found that the weak D phenotypes are caused by a large number of distinct RHD alleles generally encoding altered D proteins. No particular molecular weak D type has yet been shown to induce anti-D. The threshold of D antigen density required for anti-D immunization is not known. CASE REPORT: A 72-year-old D- white man received apparently D- RBCs. Nineteen days later, he developed a positive DAT, and anti-D was found in his serum and an eluate from his RBCs. One donor was found to be D+ with a weak D type. The weak D type was determined by RHD exon 9-specific nucleotide sequencing from genomic DNA. The transfusion recipient showed alloanti-D. Ten months later, anti-D but no other antibody was detectable; the DAT was negative and the eluate was nonreactive. The donor of the incriminated unit was D+ (ccDEe) with weak D due to the weak D type 2 allele, expressing about 450 D antigens per RBC. CONCLUSION: This case provides formal proof that RBCs of weak D type 2 phenotype may cause alloanti-D immunization. Among the more prevalent weak D types in whites, weak D type 2 has the lowest D antigen density. Thus, units of blood from donors of the weak D type 2 phenotype should be labeled D+; the weak D type 2 phenotype may be useful for quality assurance.     

医学有机化学绪论课的设计

有机化学是医学高等院校开设的一门基础课,学好有机化学是非常重要的。绪论课是教学中第一课,对学生今后的学习起着重要的作用。在绪论课的设计中,通过有机化学＂是什么＂、＂学什么＂、＂为什么学＂和＂怎么学＂这几个问题的讲解使学生明确学习目的,培养他们学习有机化学的兴趣。     

提高涉外护理高职学生医学专业英语阅读能力的教学初探

学生在阅读医学专业英语文献的难点主要集中在巨大的词汇量和复杂的句型两方面。教学中可以先树立学生的信心,激发他们的兴趣,强调构词法的掌握以扩大词汇量;备课时在课前了解学生情况,以便在指导阅读时有的放矢;在上课时注重师生互动,及时归纳常见句型的翻译,创造良好的英语教学环境,以提高学生的阅读能力。