Paediatric prescribing: why children are not small adults

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose is one of the most common causes of acute liver injury in the Western world. To improve patient care and reduce pressure on already stretched health care providers new biomarkers are needed that identify or exclude liver injury soon after an overdose of paracetamol is ingested. This review highlights the current state of paracetamol poisoning management and how novel biomarkers could improve patient care and save healthcare providers money. Based on the widely used concept of defining a target product profile, a target biomarker profile is proposed that identifies desirable and acceptable key properties for a biomarker in development to enable the improved treatment of this patient population. The current biomarker candidates, with improved hepatic specificity and based on the fundamental mechanistic basis of paracetamol-induced liver injury, are reviewed and their performance compared with our target profile.     

胶质瘤组织中miR-218的表达及其对血管生成的作用

目的 明确miR-218在胶质瘤组织中的表达，探讨其对胶质瘤血管生成的作用及机制。方法 采用荧光实时定量PCR法和免疫印迹法检测胶质瘤组织和细胞中miR-218、P70核糖体S6激酶1（p70s6k1）的表达情况，采用基质胶塞实验和小管形成实验分别在体内外检测miR-218对新血管生成的影响。结果 21例胶质瘤组织标本中miR-218表达较7例癌旁组织标本明显下调，且表达量与WHO分级有关。过表达miR-218能显著抑制血管生成。MiR-218直接靶向p70s6k1。过表达p70s6k1能部分逆转miR-218对血管新生的抑制作用。结论 MiR-218能通过靶向p70s6k1的表达调控胶质瘤血管生成，进而影响胶质瘤的进展。     

miR-503靶向TLR4对前列腺癌多西他赛耐药的影响

背景与目的：在前列腺癌标准化疗方案中，多西他赛（docetaxel，DTX）引起的化疗耐药是引起患者死亡的重要原因之一，然而DTX引起的化疗耐药相关机制尚未知。探讨前列腺癌DTX耐药的作用机制。方法：收集2016年6月—2019年6月在武汉市第三医院进行化疗的40例患者，包括20例DTX耐药和20例DTX敏感患者。人前列腺癌细胞系PC-3在一系列逐渐增加的DTX浓度梯度处理下形成耐药株PC-3/DTX。采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction，RTFQ-PCR）检测miR-503和TLR4 mRNA的表达，采用蛋白质印迹法（Western blot）检测TLR4蛋白的水平，采用双荧光素酶报告基因检测miR-503和TLR4的相互作用，采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝（methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium，MTT）法检测细胞活力，采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果：前列腺癌耐药患者组织和耐药细胞系中miR-503的表达较敏感组显著降低（P=0.013），而TLR4显著增加（P=0.005 6）。过表达miR-503显著抑制耐药细胞的增殖，促进凋亡，同时抑制耐药相关蛋白MDR-1的表达，而过表达TLR4则促进细胞的增殖，抑制凋亡，促进耐药相关蛋白MDR-1的表达。结论：miR-503通过靶向调控TLR4的表达影响前列腺癌的DTX耐药。     

miR-99a对帕金森模型细胞活力及ROS水平的影响

目的:分析miR-99a对帕金森病细胞模型作用。方法:采用Western blotting以及Real-time PCR方法,对miR-99a以及其靶基因FZD5表达水平进行研究。采用CCK-8方法,检测细胞存活力。结果:过表达miR-99a,可将MPP+抑制PC12细胞存活作用明显缓解,该作用是通过调控miR-99a/FZD5轴完成的。结论:miR-99a在帕金森病细胞模型中,可对MPP+导致的PC12细胞存活抑制作用明显缓解,是通过靶向及下调FZD5实现的。     

MiR-125b在甲状腺癌患者中的表达及其意义

目的探讨miR-125b在甲状腺癌患者中的表达及其意义。方法选取甲状腺乳头状癌组织及其配对的癌旁组织各20例,所有患者均经超声及病理确诊。实时荧光定量PCR检测miR-125b mRNA的表达,Western Blot检测Foxp3、LC 3Ⅰ和LC 3Ⅱ蛋白的表达。将人甲状腺乳头状癌细胞系MDA-T32随机分为3组:对照组(不处理)、阴性对照组(转染无义序列)和miR-125b组(转染miR-125b mimics),实时荧光定量PCR检测miR-125b mRNA的表达,MTT法检测癌细胞对顺铂的敏感性,Western Blot检测Foxp3、LC 3Ⅰ和LC 3Ⅱ蛋白的表达。结果与癌旁组织对比,甲状腺癌组织中MiR-125b mRNA的表达显著降低(P <0.05),Foxp3蛋白表达显著增加(P <0.05)。与对照组相比,miR-125b组细胞中MiR-125b mRNA的表达显著增加(P <0.05),Foxp3蛋白的表达显著降低(P <0.05)。与对照组相比,在顺铂浓度为30μg/ml时,miR-125b组细胞活性显著降低(P <0.05)。在顺铂浓度为0、15、60、120μg/ml时,各组间细胞活性的对比无显著差异(P> 0.05)。与癌旁组织对比,甲状腺癌组织中LC 3Ⅱ蛋白的表达显著增加(P <0.05)。与对照组相比,miR-125b组细胞中LC 3Ⅱ蛋白的表达显著降低(P <0.05)。LC 3Ⅰ蛋白的表达在各组间对比无显著变化(P> 0.05)。结论miR-125b在甲状腺癌中下调,miR-125b介导的Foxp3下调可抑制自噬,并增强甲状腺癌细胞对顺铂的敏感性。     

microRNA-21 mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human hepatocytes via PTEN/Akt pathway

miR-21 has been shown to play fundamental role in diverse biological and pathological processes, including fibrotic diseases. In the present study, we investigated whether miR-21 regulated the fibrogenic epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human hepatocytes QSG-7701 and explored underlying mechanisms. The results showed that treatment of QSG-7701 cells with pro-fibrogenic factor TGF-β₁ resulted in increased expression of miR-21 and promoted fibrogenic EMT in hepatocytes. Downregulation of miR-21 expression by transfection of anti-miR-21 into QSG-7701 cells inhibited fibrogenic EMT induced by TGF-β₁. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-21 alone also resulted in EMT-like transformation in QSG-7701 cells. TGF-β₁ treatment resulted in decreased PTEN and increased Akt phosphorylation and anti-miR-21 abolished this effect. Overexpression of miR-21 in QSG-7701 cells also downregulated PTEN and upregulated Akt phosphralation. Inhibition of Akt signaling by specific inhibitor Akt inhibitor IV blocked TGF-β₁ and miR-21-induced fibrogenic EMT. In summary, our results identify miR-21 as a key regulator of fibrogenic EMT in hepatocytes via PTEN/Akt pathway. Targeting miR-21 may provide a new therapeutic strategy against hepatic fibrosis.     

黄芪甲苷调节miR-21基因抑制肾癌细胞增殖和诱导细胞凋亡的机制探讨

目的:探讨黄芪甲苷对肾癌细胞增殖、凋亡的影响及其作用机制。方法:用终浓度为20 μmol/L、40 μmol/L、80 μmol/L、160 μmol/L的黄芪甲苷处理肾癌细胞A498作为不同浓度黄芪甲苷处理组，正常培养的细胞作为对照（NC）组；将anti-miR-con、anti-miR-21转染至细胞A498中，记为anti-miR-con组、anti-miR-21组；将miR-con、miR-21转染至细胞A498中再用80 μmol/L黄芪甲苷处理作为HSJG+miR-con组、HSJG+miR-21组。四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法（MTT）检测细胞存活率；蛋白质印迹（Western Blot）检测裂解半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3（Cleaved-caspase-3）、细胞周期蛋白D1（Cyclin D1）蛋白表达水平；流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡；实时荧光定量PCR（RT-qPCR）检测miR-21表达水平。结果:与对照组相比，不同浓度黄芪甲苷处理组肾癌细胞A498中细胞存活率显著降低，Cyclin D1表达水平显著降低，Cleaved-caspase-3表达水平显著升高，细胞凋亡率显著升高，小鼠肿块重量显著降低，miR-21表达水平显著降低（P＜0.05）。miR-21低表达Cyclin D1表达水平显著降低，Cleaved-caspase-3表达水平显著升高，细胞存活率显著降低，细胞凋亡率显著升高（P＜0.05）。miR-21高表达逆转了黄芪甲苷对肾癌细胞A498增殖抑制和凋亡促进的作用。结论:黄芪甲苷可抑制肾癌细胞A498增殖，促进细胞凋亡，抑制肾癌实体瘤的生长，其机制可能与miR-21表达水平有关。     

miR-31靶向抑制IL1RN促进HaCaT细胞中IL-1β的分泌

目的研究miR-31/IL1RN途径在银屑病发生发展中的功能作用。方法分析miR-31在银屑病皮损组织及其对照正常组织中的表达差异,然后在HaCaT细胞中研究miR-31表达变化对IL-1Ra蛋白表达的影响,双荧光素酶实验验证miR-31与IL1RN mRNA 3′UTR的靶向结合关系,最后检测miR-31和IL1RN基因对炎症因子IL-1β分泌的影响。结果 miR-31在银屑病皮损组织中的表达高于非皮损组织,而体外细胞实验显示,miR-31过表达可抑制细胞中IL-1Ra蛋白表达,干扰miR-31则可上调细胞中IL-1Ra蛋白表达。双荧光素酶实验结果表明,miR-31可靶向结合IL1RN的3′UTR区。功能实验结果显示,miR-31过表达可促进IL-1β的分泌,而IL1RN过表达则可下调IL-1β的分泌,并可削弱miR-31对IL-1β分泌的促进作用。结论 miR-31通过靶向IL1RN的3′UTR区域抑制IL-1Ra的表达,促进IL-1β分泌,从而参与银屑病的进展。     

miR-451a suppresses the development of breast cancer via targeted inhibition of CCND2

Extensive research has indicated that miRNAs are crucial for the occurrence and progression of cancers. miR-451a, involved in breast cancer (BC), is one of the miRNAs. This study focused on the mechanism by which miR-451a regulates BC. The levels of miR-451a in BC tissues and cell lines were examined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Kaplan‒Meier analysis showed that this was intimately related to the patient's overall survival rate. Functional experiments revealed the negative effects of miR-451a on the abilities of BC cells to multiply (tested by Cell Counting Kit-8), migrate (tested by wound healing assay), and invade (tested by Transwell assay) and its positive effects on apoptosis (tested by flow cytometry). Western blotting indicated that the expression of tumor-related proteins was affected by miR-451a. Moreover, in vivo experiments suggested that tumor growth was clearly restrained by an miR-451a agonist in a xenograft tumor model. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that miR-451a directly targeted Cyclin D2 (CCND2), as demonstrated by the luciferase reporter assay. An opposite change in the level of CCND2 and miR-451a in BC was indicated by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Subsequently, functional experiments and western blotting analysis confirmed that CCND2 accelerated BC progression, which was regulated by miR-451a. Cumulatively, research on miR-451a may be valuable for BC treatment.