Nutritional training in a humanitarian context: Evidence from a cluster randomized trial

Behavioural change communication interventions have been shown to be effective at improving infant and young child nutrition knowledge and practices. However, evidence in humanitarian response contexts is scarce. Using data on secondary outcomes of breastfeeding, water treatment, and knowledge from a cluster randomized control trial of the Yemen Cash for Nutrition programme's impact on child nutritional status, this paper shows that the programme significantly improved knowledge and practices for poor women with young children in the pilot districts. The intervention consisted of cash transfers and monthly group nutrition education sessions led by locally recruited community health volunteers. Data are based on self‐reports by participants. Estimating impacts among all 1,945 women in 190 clusters randomly assigned to treatment versus control and controlling for baseline levels and community characteristic and adjusting for noncompliance with randomization, the programme increased the probability of breastfeeding initiation within the first hour after delivery by 15.6% points (p < .05; control = 74.4% and treatment = 83.6%), the probability of exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months by 14.4% points (control = 13.5% and treatment = 25.3%), the probability of households treating water consumed by adults by 16.7% points (p < .01; control = 13.9% and treatment = 23.4%), and treating water consumed by children under two by 10.3% points (p < .10; control = 31.2% and treatment = 37.9%). Impacts on knowledge and breastfeeding are similar for both literate and illiterate women, and water treatment impacts are significantly larger for literate women. This study was registered at 3ie (RIDIE‐STUDY‐ID‐5b4eff881b29a) and funded by the Nordic Trust Fund and Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research programme on Policies, Institutions, and Markets.     

预见习在精神病学教学中的作用研究

目的探讨预见习在精神病教学中的作用。方法选取120名本科学生,随机分为预见习组(n=60)和对照组(n=60)。预见习组在学习精神病学理论课程前一学期开始实施带教老师带领学生预见习、见习、实习全程教学,对比两组学生实践操作、理论知识成绩和学生满意度。结果干预后,导师制预见习组实践操作和理论知识成绩显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。导师制预见习组学生满意度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论预见习教学有助于学生全面发展,提高精神病学教学水平。     

A comprehensive knowledge base of synaptic electrophysiology in the rodent hippocampal formation

The cellular and synaptic architecture of the rodent hippocampus has been described in thousands of peer‐reviewed publications. However, no human‐ or machine‐readable public catalog of synaptic electrophysiology data exists for this or any other neural system. Harnessing state‐of‐the‐art information technology, we have developed a cloud‐based toolset for identifying empirical evidence from the scientific literature pertaining to synaptic electrophysiology, for extracting the experimental data of interest, and for linking each entry to relevant text or figure excerpts. Mining more than 1,200 published journal articles, we have identified eight different signal modalities quantified by 90 different methods to measure synaptic amplitude, kinetics, and plasticity in hippocampal neurons. We have designed a data structure that both reflects the differences and maintains the existing relations among experimental modalities. Moreover, we mapped every annotated experiment to identified potential connections, that is, specific pairs of presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron types. To this aim, we leveraged Hippocampome.org , an open‐access knowledge base of morphologically, electrophysiologically, and molecularly characterized neuron types in the rodent hippocampal formation. Specifically, we have implemented a computational pipeline to systematically translate neuron type properties into formal queries in order to find all compatible potential connections. With this system, we have collected nearly 40,000 synaptic data entities covering 88% of the 3,120 potential connections in Hippocampome.org . Correcting membrane potentials with respect to liquid junction potentials significantly reduced the difference between theoretical and experimental reversal potentials, thereby enabling the accurate conversion of all synaptic amplitudes to conductance. This data set allows for large‐scale hypothesis testing of the general rules governing synaptic signals. To illustrate these applications, we confirmed several expected correlations between synaptic measurements and their covariates while suggesting previously unreported ones. We release all data open‐source at Hippocampome.org in order to further research across disciplines.     

Piloting a food photo sorting activity in Samoa to assess maternal beliefs and their role in child diet

Eating habits begin forming early in life when parental beliefs and behaviours often play a major role in shaping dietary intake. We aimed to assess maternal beliefs about the cost, social status, and nutritional value of foods in Samoa—a setting with an alarming burden of childhood obesity—and to determine how those beliefs may be related to child dietary intake. Samoan mothers (n = 44) sorted photographs of 26 foods commonly consumed in children in Samoa by cost, social status, and nutritional value (healthfulness). Responses were then assessed for their association with child dietary intake (reported using a food frequency questionnaire) using Pearson correlations. Mothers indicated that traditional Samoan foods were healthier, of higher social status, and lower cost compared with non‐traditional/imported food items. Compared with nutritional experts and a market survey of food prices, mothers demonstrated strong nutritional (r = .87, 95% CI [0.68, 0.95], p < .001) and consumer (r = .84, 95% CI [0.68, 0.93], p < .001) knowledge. The perceived cost of food was more strongly associated (r = ?.37, 95% CI [?0.66, 0.02], p = .06) with child dietary intake than either healthfulness or social status, with decreasing consumption reported with increasing food cost. Our findings contradicted the notion that the high social status of imported foods may be contributing to increased intake and rising prevalence of childhood obesity in this developing country setting. Despite their nutritional knowledge, Samoan mothers may need additional support in applying their knowledge/beliefs to provide a healthy child diet, including support for access to reasonably priced healthy foods.     

2018年台州市玉环市流动人口艾滋病相关认知和危险行为现状调查[* 基金项目：浙江省自然科学基金项目(LY19H260001)；台州市科技计划项目(1801KY45)。 ①复旦大学公共卫生学院 上海200032 ②台州市疾病预防控制中心 浙江 台州 318000 #通讯作者 ]

目的 了解台州市玉环市流动人口艾滋病相关认知和危险行为的现状，为开展有效的艾滋病健康教育和干预提供参考依据。方法 采用问卷调查的方法，2018年6—8月对台州市玉环市流动人口开展人口学特征、行为学特征和艾滋病相关认知等方面的调查。结果 共招募403人。未发现HIV抗体、梅毒阳性者；发现1例HCV阳性者，检出率为0.2%。最近一年暗娼占3.3%，临时性伴发生过性行为占1.9%，且42.9%从未使用安全套。艾滋病知识知晓率为62.3%。多因素logistic回归分析显示，高中及以上文化程度者艾滋病知识知晓率高。结论 台州市玉环市流动人口艾滋病知识知晓率较低，存在一定比例的暗娼和临时性行为等高危行为，应加大宣传教育力度。已婚或同居者在艾滋病知识应用上存在欠缺，使用安全套意识不强，应开展行为干预活动，实现“知信行”的统一，以有效地防治艾滋病的流行。     

Effects of the frequency of ostomy management reinforcement education on self-care knowledge,self-efficacy,and ability of stoma appliance change among Korean hospitalised ostomates

Patients who undergo stoma surgery experience difficulties in adapting physically and psychologically. The priority is to support them in learning self-care for successful rehabilitation and psychosocial adaption to a new life. In order to do this, it is important to provide ostomates with repetitive reinforcement education on self-care in a continuous and individual manner, not just to increase knowledge or perform related skills. This study aims to evaluate the effects of ostomy management reinforcement education (OMRE) in ostomates and to identify the optimal frequency of reinforcement education using an equivalent control group post-test design. Participants were 60 ostomates admitted to a university hospital after ostomy formation surgery, and they were randomly assigned to a control and two experimental groups of this study. The OMRE was given to the control group (n = 20), experimental group 1 (n = 20), and experimental group 2 (n = 20) once, twice, and three times, respectively. Participants' self-care knowledge, self-efficacy, and ability of stoma appliance change were evaluated before and after the OMRE. Major results of this study were as follows: the self-care knowledge score of post-test was higher than the pretest in the control, experimental 1, and experimental two groups (P < 0.001). The self-efficacy score of post-test was higher than the pretest in the control, experimental 1, and experimental 2 groups (P < 0.001). The self-care knowledge score according to the frequency of OMRE did not differ among the control, experimental 1, and experimental 2 groups (F = 1.921, P = 0.156). The self-efficacy score according to the frequency of OMRE was significantly different between the control and experimental groups (F = 8.616, P = 0.001), but there was no difference between the experimental 1 and experimental 2 groups (Scheffe's post-hoc analysis: a < b, c). The ability of stoma appliance change score according to the frequency of OMRE was significantly different between the control and experimental groups (F = 49.546, P < 0.001), but there was no difference between the experimental 1 and experimental 2 groups (Scheffe's post-hoc analysis: a < b, c). Results of this study suggested that the OMRE was effective for promoting hospitalised ostomates' self-care knowledge, self-efficacy, and ability of stoma appliance change, and two sessions of the OMRE was the most effective. Findings of this study may be useful in planning education programmes designed to improve self-care ability for hospitalised ostomates.     

济南市中老年居民骨质疏松预防相关知识调查及影响因素分析

目的了解济南市中老年居民骨质疏松预防相关知识认知水平及其影响因素,为制定切合实际的干预方案提供科学依据。方法采用问卷对本地40岁以上的常住居民(居住时间半年以上)进行问卷调查。结果本地中老年居民骨质疏松相关知识总得分为(9.80±4.24)分,条目平均分的总体水平为(0.45±0.19)分;年龄段、婚姻状态、文化程度、经济状况、工作情况、医疗保险种类和体重指数不同分组的中老年居民预防相关知识认知水平不同,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);多重线性回归分析显示,文化程度、工作情况和婚姻状态是骨质疏松预防相关知识认知水平的影响因素。结论疾控或健康教育工作者需要以骨质疏松基础知识、危险因素、治疗和随访、钙摄入以及运动等方面的知识或技能为重点,采用专家讲座、发材料和社区展板等方式面向中老年居民持续加强骨质疏松预防相关知识的普及;宣教时要注重文化程度较低、待业或失业和不在婚这几类中老年居民。