胃肠耐受性监测对急性脑血管病患者治疗转归的影响

目的探讨胃肠耐受性监测对急性脑血管病患者治疗转归的影响。方法将170例急性脑血管病患者随机分为观察组(90例)及对照组(80例),两组均常规予控制颅内压、营养神经、调整血糖血压、改善脑循环、防治并发症治疗,按急性脑血管病常规护理,密切监测生命体征、意识、瞳孔,观察组增加胃肠耐受性监测。观察比较两组并发症的发生率及住院时间。结果观察组并发症的发生率为18%,显著低于对照组42%(P<0.05);观察组住院时间(23.99±6.15)d比对照组(27.25±6.54)d明显缩短(t=3.35,P<0.05)。结论急性脑血管病患者,在常规护理同时,还应进行胃肠耐受性监测,及早改善胃肠功能,降低并发症的发生率,使患者获得更好的治疗转归,缩短住院时间。     

Extended duration of thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients: optimizing therapy?

Summary. Patients who are hospitalized for an acute medical illness are at risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Current evidence-based guidelines recommend prophylaxis with unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin in acutely ill medical patients who are admitted to hospital with congestive heart failure, severe respiratory disease, or who are bedridden with an additional VTE risk factor. The need for thromboprophylaxis is therefore clear in this patient population; however, the optimal duration of prophylaxis in these patients is less clear. In patients undergoing orthopedic or cancer surgery, extended-duration prophylaxis has been shown to be superior to placebo. To date, however, no large-scale clinical trials have assessed the benefits of extended-duration prophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients. This review therefore focuses on the VTE risk profile of acutely ill medical patients, examines the currently available literature for evidence of a potential benefit of extended-duration prophylaxis in these patients, and provides a rationale for the testing of such a hypothesis in a randomized clinical trial.     

To What Extent do Sleep Quality and Duration Mediate the Effect of Perceived Discrimination on Health? Evidence from Philadelphia

Little research investigates whether sleep mediates the adverse effect of perceived discrimination on health and even less is known about whether sleep quality and sleep duration mediate the relationships in the same fashion. We applied a recently developed mediation analysis approach to a survey administered in 2008 in Philadelphia, PA, that includes 9042 adults. Health was measured with self-rated health, stress, and mental illness. Perceived discrimination was operationalized with self-reported discriminatory experience in two social contexts, namely health care system and housing market. Sleep quality and duration were measured with a five-point Likert scale and the self-reported sleep time at night, respectively. After controlling for one’s demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related characteristics, the mediation analysis quantified how much sleep quality and duration can account for the effect of perceived discrimination on these health outcomes. The key findings are: (a) sleep quality and duration accounted for approximately 15 to 25 % of the adverse effect of perceived discrimination. (b) Sleep quality is more important than sleep duration in mediating the relationship between perceived discrimination and health. (c) The proportion of the effect mediated by sleep differs by the social context where perceived discrimination occurred. It was confirmed that sleep mediates the relationship between perceived discrimination and health and the interventions to improve sleep, particularly sleep quality, should help to attenuate the effect of perceived discrimination on health.     

Short Sleep Duration and Dietary Intake: Epidemiologic Evidence,Mechanisms, and Health Implications

Links between short sleep duration and obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease may be mediated through changes in dietary intake. This review provides an overview of recent epidemiologic studies on the relations between habitual short sleep duration and dietary intake in adults from 16 cross-sectional studies. The studies have observed consistent associations between short sleep duration and higher total energy intake and higher total fat intake, and limited evidence for lower fruit intake, and lower quality diets. Evidence also suggests that short sleepers may have irregular eating behavior deviating from the traditional 3 meals/d to fewer main meals and more frequent, smaller, energy-dense, and highly palatable snacks at night. Although the impact of short sleep duration on dietary intake tends to be small, if chronic, it may contribute to an increased risk of obesity and related chronic disease. Mechanisms mediating the associations between sleep duration and dietary intake are likely to be multifactorial and include differences in the appetite-related hormones leptin and ghrelin, hedonic pathways, extended hours for intake, and altered time of intake. Taking into account these epidemiologic relations and the evidence for causal relations between sleep loss and metabolism and cardiovascular function, health promotion strategies should emphasize improved sleep as an additional factor in health and weight management. Moreover, future sleep interventions in controlled studies and sleep extension trials in chronic short sleepers are imperative for establishing whether there is a causal relation between short sleep duration and changes in dietary intake.     

Daily mood and sleep: reciprocal relations and links with adjustment problems

Children's sleep problems are common and associated with increased risk for adjustment problems. We examined daily links between children's sleep and mood, using a daily diary method and actigraphy. We also tested children's daily mood as a mediator of relations among sleep and children's broader internalizing and externalizing symptoms. A community sample of 142 children (mean age = 10.69 years; 57% girls; 69% European American, 31% African American) and their parents participated. For 1 week, children wore actigraphs and parents completed a daily telephone interview about their child's mood. Following the week of actigraphy, mothers and fathers reported on their child's adjustment. Multi‐level models indicated within‐person relations between children's mood and subsequent sleep fragmentation (indicated by increased activity) and sleep latency, and between‐person relations between sleep latency and subsequent mood on the next day. Significant indirect effects were found such that a more negative daily mood (aggregated across diary days) mediated relations between poor sleep efficiency and longer sleep latency and parent‐reported internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Findings extend previous research by highlighting disruptions to children's daily mood as a potential mechanism linking sleep problems to children's mental health.     

不同浓度异丙酚对离体兔心肌动作电位的影响

目的:观察不同浓度异丙酚对家兔心肌细胞动作电位时程的影响.方法:成年家兔24只,制备Langendorff离体心脏灌注模型,K-H液灌注10 min后随机均分为对照组(C组)、低浓度异丙酚组(LP组)及高浓度异丙酚组(HP组),C组继续灌注K-H液60 min,LP和HP组分别灌注含4mg/L与8 mg/L异丙酚的K-H液60 min;记录3组家兔平衡灌注10 min (T0)、继续灌注5 min (T1)、30 min (T2)、60 min (T3)时右心室前壁三层心肌动作电位,计算单相动作电位复极20％、50％、90％的时程(MAPD20、MAPD50、MAPD90).结果:与T0比较,LP组和HP组T1～ T3时MAPD20、MAPD50、MAPD90延长(P＜0.05);与T1比较,两组T2～T3时MAPD20、MAPD50、MAPD90延长(P＜0.05);与T2比较,两组T3时MAPD20、MAPD50、MAPD90延长(P＜0.05);同一时点与C组和LP组比较,HP组T1～T3时MAPD20、MAPD50、MAPD90延长(P＜0.05).结论:丙泊酚灌注时间延长和高浓度丙泊酚灌注,可延长心肌细胞动作电位的复极过程,这可能是临床使用丙泊酚导致心律失常的机制之一.     

Early goal-directed therapy reduces mortality in adult patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction:

Survival sepsis campaign guidelines have promoted early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) as a means for reduction of mortality. On the other hand, there were conflicting results coming out of recently published meta-analyses on mortality benefits of EGDT in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. On top of that, the findings of three recently done randomized clinical trials (RCTs) showed no survival benefit by employing EGDT compared to usual care. Therefore, we aimed to do a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of EGDT on mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock patients.

Methodology:

We included RCTs that compared EGDT with usual care in our meta-analysis. We searched in Hinari, PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane central register of controlled trials electronic databases and other articles manually from lists of references of extracted articles. Our primary end point was overall mortality.

Results:

A total of nine trails comprising 4783 patients included in our analysis. We found that EGDT significantly reduced mortality in a random-effect model (RR, 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72–0.94; P = 0.008;   I² =50%). We also did subgroup analysis stratifying the studies by the socioeconomic status of the country where studies were conducted, risk of bias, the number of sites where the trials were conducted, setting of trials, publication year, and sample size. Accordingly, trials carried out in low to middle economic income countries (RR, 0.078; 95% CI, 0.67–0.91; P = 0.002; I² = 34%) significantly reduced mortality compared to those in higher income countries (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.33–1.06; P = 0.28; I² = 29%). On the other hand, patients receiving EGDT had longer length of hospital stay compared to the usual care (mean difference, 0.49; 95% CI, –0.04–1.02; P = 0.07; I² = 0%).

Conclusion:

The result of our study showed that EGDT significantly reduced mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Paradoxically, EGDT increased the length of hospital stay compared to usual routine care.     

经脉排刺治疗阴阳两虚型卵巢储备功能下降的临床研究

目的:观察经脉排刺法对阴阳两虚型卵巢储备功能下降患者的临床疗效,并探讨其作用机制。方法:阴阳两虚型卵巢储备功能下降患者96例,随机分为针刺组与西药组,每组48例。针刺组排刺任脉、肾经、脾经、膀胱经,月经周期的第10天开始针刺,10d为一疗程,共治疗6个疗程;西药组予以口服克龄蒙(戊酸雌二醇片/雌二醇环丙孕酮片)治疗,月经周期第5天开始口服,21d为一疗程,共治疗6个疗程。观察治疗前、治疗6个月、治疗结束后6个月的两组中医临床症状积分及月经情况,检测血清促卵泡生成素(FSH)、雌二醇(E2)、促黄体生成素(LH)。结果:针刺组总有效率为87.5%(42/48),西药组为89.6%(43/48),两组间总有效率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组治疗后临床症状积分较治疗前均有明显降低(P0.05);治疗结束后6个月,针刺组较治疗前和西药组明显下降(P0.05)。两组血清FSH、LH及E2治疗后较治疗前明显下降(P0.05),治疗结束后6个月,针刺组较治疗前和西药组明显下降(P0.05)。两组治疗后月经周期均较治疗前明显缩短,月经天数明显延长(P0.05),治疗结束6个月后针刺组月经周期较治疗前及西药组明显缩短,月经天数明显延长(P0.05)。结论:运用经脉排刺治疗阴阳两虚型卵巢储备功能下降患者取得较好的疗效,其机制可能是通过调节下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴的功能,改善卵巢功能,降低血清FSH、LH以及E2的水平,改善临床症状,调整月经周期,且远期疗效稳定。     

P波离散度与阵发性心房颤动的关系研究

目的 探讨体表心电图P波离散度（P-wave dispersion,Pdis）对阵发性心房颤动的预测价值。方法 对86例阵发性心房颤动病人（观察组）和同期54例健康成人（对照组）窦性心律时体表心电图的Pdis、P波最大时限（maximum P-wave duration，Pmax）进行测量分析。结果 观察组Pdis和Pmax与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,Pdis或Pdis加Pmax对阵发性心房颤动有较高的特异度（81.5%,92.6%）和阳性预测价值（88.2%,94.6%）。结论 Pdis可作为预测阵发性心房颤动的一个可靠的体表心电图指标。