电针预处理脑保护的研究进展

背景 如何减轻脑缺血损伤仍是一个世界性的难题和亟待解决的问题.预处理和缺血耐受的发现为防治缺血性脑损伤的研究提供了新思路.目的 分析总结电针(electroacupuncture,EA)预处理脑保护的作用及其相关机制的文献资料.内容 描述了EA预处理的发现；与“逆针灸”的关系；适宜参数和作用规律和可能作用机制.趋向 E...     

Pivotal role of mast cell carboxypeptidase A in mediating protection against small intestinal ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats after ischemic preconditioning

Aim of the study

Mast cell (MC) degranulation contributes to the protection mediated by ischemic preconditioning (IPC); however, the precise mechanisms underlying this protection remain largely unknown. Mast cell carboxypeptidase A (MC-CPA) is released solely from MCs and plays a critical role in degrading toxins and endothelin 1 (ET-1). The present study sought to explore whether MC-CPA is involved in the process of IPC in a rodent model of small intestinal ischemia reperfusion (IIR) injury.

Materials and methods

IIR injuries were induced in Sprague–Dawley rats by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 60 min followed by reperfusion for 2 h. One cycle of 10 min intestinal ischemia and 10 min of reperfusion was used in the IPC group, and the MC stabilizer cromolyn sodium and MC potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor were administered before the start of IPC. At the end of experiment, intestine tissue was obtained for assays of the MC-CPA3, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and ET-1 contents and myeloperoxidase activities. Intestinal histologic injury scores and MC degranulation were assessed. Apoptosis indices and cleaved caspase- 3 protein expressions were quantified.

Results

IIR resulted in severe injury, as evidenced by significant increases in injury scores and MC-CPA3, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and ET-1 contents that were accompanied with concomitant elevations in cleaved caspase 3 expression, apoptosis indices, and myeloperoxidase activities. IPC induced a significant increase in MC-CPA3, induced MC degranulation, and attenuated IIR injury by downregulating IIR-induced biochemical changes, whereas cromolyn sodium and potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor abolished the IPC-mediated changes.

Conclusions

These data suggest that IPC protected against IIR injury via the MC degranulation-mediated release of MC-CPA.     

Improved cardioprotection using a novel stepwise ischemic preconditioning protocol in rabbit heart

Background

The current commonly used cardiac ischemic preconditioning (IPC) protocol, involving three 5-min cycles of ischemia–reperfusion (I/R), may not be clinically beneficial because of its acutely deleterious effects on hemodynamics. This study attempted to assess the effects of a novel stepwise IPC scheme on cardiac function, infarct size, and arrhythmogenesis in a rabbit model of prolonged I/R.

Methods

Anesthetized open-chest rabbits were subjected to 60-min occlusion of a proximal branch of the left coronary artery followed by 180-min reperfusion. Animals were divided into five groups (n = 6 each): (1) control group (no IPC); (2) 2-min IPC group (three cycles of 2-min IPC); (3) 5-min IPC group (three cycles of 5-min IPC); (4) 10-min IPC group (three cycles of 10-min IPC); and (5) stepwise IPC group (2-, 5-, and 10-min I/R).

Results

Compared with control group, 2-, 5-, and 10-min IPC decreased arrhythmia score by 16%, 67%, and 33%, respectively. Remarkably, stepwise IPC resulted in a 78% reduction of arrhythmias. Stepwise IPC also produced the least ventricular infarct size when compared with 2-, 5-, and 10-min IPC groups (16.4% versus 39.3%, 28.1%, and 38.5%, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

These results suggest that stepwise IPC has better cardioprotective effects against prolonged I/R injury and may serve as an acceptable approach to clinical revascularization procedures on the heart, including catheter-based and surgical approaches.     

血塞通预处理对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的早期保护作用

目的观察血塞通预处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤的早期保护作用,并研究其可能机制.方法采用开胸冠状动脉结扎建立缺血再灌注模型,25只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组,缺血再灌注组(I/R组),缺血预处理组(IPC组),血塞通预处理组(PNS预处理组).再灌注后2 h测定各组血清肌酸磷酸激酶-MB(CK-MB)含量以及心肌细胞凋亡情况和心肌细胞Bcl-2和Bax蛋白的表达,并观察心肌超微结构变化.结果IPC组及PNS预处理组血清CK-MB均明显低于I/R组(P＜0.05).IPC组及PNS预处理组TUNEL阳性细胞数,Bax阳性细胞数均明显低于I/R组(P＜0.05).和I/R组相比,IPC组及PNS预处理组心肌超微结构损伤减轻.结论PNS预处理后心肌细胞凋亡减少,心肌细胞损伤减轻,对I/R损伤产生有和缺血预处理类似的早期保护作用.     

Linear No-Threshold model and standards for protection against radiation

In response to the three petitions by Carol S. Marcus, Mark L. Miller, and Mohan Doss, dated February 9, February 13, and February 24, 2015, respectively, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC or the Commission) has announced that it is considering assessing its choice of dose–response model, the Linear No-Threshold (LNT) model, for exposure to ionizing radiation. This comment is designed to assist the Commission in evaluating the merits of a review of the default dose–response model it uses as the basis for the Standards for Protection against Radiation regulations. It extends the petitioners' argument in favor of reexamining the default hypothesis (LNT) and taking consideration of low-dose hormesis for two main reasons: 1) Failure to review the LNT hypothesis may jeopardize the NRC's mission to protect public health and safety; and 2) The National Research Council's guidelines for choosing adequate defaults indicate that the choice of low-dose default model is due for a reevaluation.     

缺血预处理对兔缺血心肌的保护作用

采用动物缺血－再灌注模型，结扎兔冠状动脉左前降支（LAD）造成急性心肌梗塞（AMI）。实验组经过5min缺血，10min再灌注后持续缺血60min，3h再灌注；对照组直接造成60min缺血，3h再灌注。心肌梗塞范围由1％三苯四氮唑兰（TTC）染色确定，并以梗塞范围占缺血范围重量的百分比表示。结果：实验组梗死心肌明显少于对照组（P＜0.01）；实验组发生室性心律失常率明显低于对照组（P＜0．05）；实验组再灌注后血小板表面α－颗粒膜蛋白（GMP－140）分子数明显少于对照组（P＜0．05）。表明：预适应（Preconditioning，PC）具有心肌保护作用。     

ERK1/2－STAT3通路在H2O2预处理导致的适应性细胞保护中的作用

目的：探讨ERK1/2-STAT3通路在H₂O₂预处理导致的适应性细胞保护中的作用。方法：在PC12细胞建立H₂O₂预处理对抗氧化应激（300 μmol/L H₂O₂）损伤细胞的模型。应用Hoechst33258核染色法观察细胞调亡的形态学改变；应用碘化丙啶(PI)染色流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率；免疫印记法(Western blotting) 测定p-ERK1/2和p-STAT3的表达水平。结果：100 μmol/L H₂O₂预处理PC12细胞90 min可明显抑制300 μmol/L H₂O₂作用12 h引起的细胞凋亡，并激活ERK1/2和STAT3；ERK1/2抑制剂UO126和JAK2抑制剂AG-490（10 μmol/L）均可明显地阻断H₂O₂预处理引起的细胞保护作用；UO126（10 μmol/L）亦能明显地抑制H₂O₂预处理对STAT3的上调作用。结论：H₂O₂预处理能激活PC12细胞的ERK1/2-STAT3信号转导旁路，这可能是预处理的细胞保护机制之一。     

Pretreatment of Donors with Endothelin Receptor Antagonist TAK-044 Improves Cardiac Functional Recovery Following Preservation with University of Wisconsin Solution

Objective : Previous studies suggest that endothelin-1 (ET-1) plays a role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Although administration of an endothelin receptor antagonist to the recipient has been shown to improve myocardial function after ischemia/reperfusion in a rat heart transplantation model, the effect of administering an endothelin receptor antagonist to the donor has not yet been examined. This study was designed to investigate the effects of pretreating donors with an ET A /ET B endothelin receptor antagonist (TAK-044) on myocardial function after cold preservation of a rat heart. Design : Male rats were pretreated with normal saline (control group, n = 8), TAK-044 (TAK group, n = 8, 1 mg/kg). Following cardiac arrest using cardioplegia, we washed out the coronary vascular beds with cold University of Wisconsin solution followed by 6-h preservation. After preservation, the hearts were mounted on a Langendorff apparatus to estimate aortic flow (AF), coronary flow (CF), cardiac output (CO), systolic pressure (SP), heart rate (HR), and rate-pressure product (RPP: HR &#50 SP). The concentration of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) within the coronary perfusate during reperfusion was measured. Results : AF, SP, and CO were significantly greater in the TAK group than in the control group ( p = 0.0045, 0.004, and 0.0295, respectively). Conclusion : Pretreatment of donors with a nonselective endothelin receptor antagonist (TAK-044) improved cardiac functional recovery following preservation and may be beneficial for prolonged myocardial preservation.     

Native Bovine and Porcine Pericardia Respond to Load With Additive Recruitment of Collagen Fibers

Bovine and porcine pericardia are currently used for manufacturing prosthetic heart valves: their design has become an increasingly important area of investigation in parallel with progressively expanding indications for the transcutaneous approach to heart valves replacement. Before being cut and shaped, pericardial tissues are expected to be properly characterized. Actually, the mechanical assessment of these biomaterials lacks standardized protocols. In particular, the role of preconditioning for achieving a constant mechanical response of tissue samples is still controversial. In the present work, the mechanical response to uniaxial load of native bovine and porcine pericardia, with and without preconditioning was assessed; moreover, the mechanical behavior of pericardia was investigated and explained. It was demonstrated that: (i) pericardial tissue samples hold memory of the loading history but just within the extent of the deformation applied; (ii) the behavior of native bovine and porcine pericardia in response to load is explained by a mechanism based on the additive recruitment of collagen fibers; (iii) the current concept that plasticity is absent in pericardium has to be at least in part reconsidered.     

硫化氢延迟预处理抑制大鼠心肌损伤的机制研究

[目的]探讨硫化氢预处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护机制.[方法]健康成年S-D雄性大鼠30只,随机分成三组,每组10只.假手术组(S组)仅开胸并分离冠状动脉左前降支,但不阻断血流;缺血再灌注组(IR组)行冠状动脉左前降支阻断30 min,再灌注120 min;硫化氢组(H组)予以静脉注射硫氢化钠0.05 mg/kg,给药后24 h同IR组处理.再灌注结束后检测血清IL-6和IL-10水平,免疫印迹法检测心肌过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPAR-γ)水平并比较.[结果]与S组比较,IR组和H组在缺血再灌注后血清IL-6和IL-10水平升高(P＜0.05);但与IR组比较,H组IL-10水平升高,IL-6水平下降(P＜0.05);与S组比较,IR组和H组PPAR-γ表达下降(P＜0.05);但与IR组比较,H组PPAR-γ表达升高(P＜0.05).[结论]硫化氢预处理抑制大鼠心肌损伤的保护作用,可能与促进心肌PPAR-γ表达有关.