Prevalence of National Responsiveness to HBV Vaccine After 22 Years of Iranian Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study

Context:

Hepatitis B Virus expanded program on immunization (EPI) started on 1993 in Iran. Most surveys have assessed the level of response to vaccine by measuring the titers of anti-HBs. This meta- analysis aimed to summarize the Iranian published data on the rate of vaccine-responders versus non-responders. Moreover, the impact of variables such as age, gender, type of vaccine, etc. on the levels of responsiveness was evaluated.

Evidence Acquisition:

All published papers on this topic in Iranian and international journals with affiliation of “Iran” were reviewed using standard keywords up to 2014. We included our study to healthy participants with no previous HBV infection and who had already received a complete course of HB vaccine. The estimated prevalence and 95% confidence intervals in 28 eligible articles for HBV vaccine responders (anti-HBs > 10 IU/mL) and non-responders (10 <) were analyzed by random effect method due to between-study heterogeneity.

Results:

The age of subjects was between 6 months and 15 years old. Overall, 5991 (51.5%) were male and 4571 (48.5%) females. Overall, 80% were responders to vaccine versus 20% nonresponders. With increase in age, the number of responders to vaccine decreased significantly (P = 0.001). There was no strong difference between responders versus nonresponders to vaccine for gender, types of vaccine, ethnicity and living area.

Conclusions:

The results arose from this meta-analysis highlighted the safety of vaccine and its effectiveness in stimulating immune response of vaccines, despite being different in generation, manufacturers and types. Moreover, there was no substantial difference between Iranian and other international investigations in the rate of nonresponsiveness to HBV vaccine.     

Contrasting Trends of Primary Liver Cancer Mortality in Chinese Mongol and Non-Mongol

Background: This study aims to investigate the temporal trend as well as the burden of primary liver cancer among Mongol and non-Mongol in China. Materials and Methods: The registered data from up to 20 monitoring points in the periods of 2008 to 2015 in Inner Mongolia were used to calculate and model the trend of liver cancer among Mongol and non-Mongol using log-linear regression. Logistic regression was used to characterise the risk of liver cancer by using hospitalization records from 2008 to 2017. Results: Over the study period, significant reduction of liver cancer mortality was found among non-Mongol population (4.8/100,000 from 23.7/100,000 to 18.9/100,000, p=0.04), while the increase of liver cancer mortality was observed among the Mongolian population (8.4/100,000 from 10.7/100,000 to 19.1/100,000, p=0.02), particularly the Mongol from East (25.5/100,000 from 11.2/100,000 to 36.7/100,000, p=0.005). Comparing to the non-Mongol patients with primary liver cancer, the Mongolian patients were more likely to be from East Inner Mongolia (aOR=3.65, 95% CI:2.75-4.87) and those residing in urban area (aOR=2.11, 95%CI: 1.55-2.91). In 2015, a total of 3056 primary liver cancer deaths could be converted if the four known risk factors (HBV, Hepatitis C Virus, alcohol consumption and smoking) could be prevented. HBV remained to be the leading risk factor of liver cancer (PAF=56%, contributing to 2616 deaths) with the highest among the Mongol from East (PAF=65.1%, contributing to 763 deaths). Conclusion: The continuing increase of primary liver cancer among Mongol suggested further interventions were needed to combat its burden.     

Humanized anti‐CD19 chimeric antigen receptor‐T cell therapy is safe and effective in lymphoma and leukemia patients with chronic and resolved hepatitis B virus infection

Chimeric antigen receptor‐T (CAR‐T) cell therapy is a promising treatment for CD19⁺ B‐cell malignancies. However, elimination of B cells by anti‐CD19 CAR‐T cells may lead to the reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and related hepatitis in patients with HBV infection. This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of humanized anti‐CD19 CAR‐T (hCAR‐T) therapy in B‐cell malignancies with HBV infection. Twenty relapsed/refractory (r/r) diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients with HBV infection were treated with hCAR‐T therapy. Among them, five hepatitis B antigen‐positive patients who received antiviral prophylaxis did not develop HBV reactivation, including two patients who received both hCAR‐T and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT). Among 15 patients with resolved HBV infection, two received antiviral prophylaxis, and the other 13 did not experience HBV reactivation without antiviral prophylaxis. One patient with resolved HBV infection experienced HBV reactivation 6 months after hCAR‐T therapy and sequential allo‐HSCT. Moreover, HBV infection did not affect in vivo expansion of hCAR‐T cells or increase the risk of severe cytokine release syndrome. In conclusion, hCAR‐T therapy is safe and effective in DLBCL and ALL patients with chronic and resolved HBV infection under proper antiviral prophylaxis.     

Possible contribution of prior hepatitis B virus infection to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of prior hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and its role in hepatocarcinogenesis are not clear. The aim of the present study is to clarify the importance of prior HBV infection in development of HCC. METHODS: Of 1288 consecutive HCC patients between January 1999 and October 2002, 1008 patients were enrolled. To determine the influence of prior HBV infection in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative HCC, the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) was examined according to age, and the clinical features were compared between the anti-HBc positive and the negative groups. RESULTS: The proportion of HBsAg-negative HCC patients, HCC patients with antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV; C-HCC) and HCC patients negative for both HBsAg and anti-HCV (nBnC-HCC), increased with age. The anti-HBc-positive rates in C-HCC patients also increased with age. Those rates in nBnC-HCC patients were >50% in all age groups. Furthermore, it was found that the anti-HBc-positive rates of these patients were higher than those of corresponding control patients. Tumor size and a positive rate for vessel involvement both in C-HCC and nBnC-HCC patients were larger and higher, respectively, in anti-HBc-positive patients compared with anti-HBc-negative patients, although the difference in nBnC-HCC did not reach statistical significance because of the small numbers. These tumor characteristics were similar to those of B-HCC patients. CONCLUSION: A possible contribution of prior HBV infection to the development of HCC is indicated.     

新鲜混合血清用于乙型肝炎病毒DNA检测室内质量控制的效果评价

目的对自制新鲜混合血清用于乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）DNA定量检测室内质控的使用效果作出初步评价。方法收集HBVDNA定量检测值在10^7 copy／mL左右的阳性新鲜血清，分装-70℃保存，初定靶值后用于日常室内质控，并统计出恒定靶值，绘制室内质控图，观察精密度和使用情况。结果首批20个样本测定的均值（i）及批内精密度（OCV）％分别为7．44和1．62％；第1月、第1～2月、第1～3月的检测i及精密度（CV）％分别为7．46和2．93％、7．43和3．10％、7．47和3．09％，精密度均小于2OCV，稳定性良好；统计自制混合血清使用半年在Levey-Jennings质控图上的落点，在控率为92．50％（74／80），警告率为7．50％（6／80），失控率为0％（0／80），使用效果良好。结论自制混合血清可作为室内质控品用于HBVDNA定量检测的质量控制。     

中国北方汉族人HLA-Ⅰ、Ⅱ类基因与HBV水平感染及预后相关性研究

目的探讨人类白细胞抗原Ⅰ、Ⅱ类基因与乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染及其预后的相关性。方法采用PCR-SSP方法分别对102名慢性持续性HBV感染者(实验1组)、76名急性HBV感染者(实验2组)及1383名中华骨髓库山东分库无血缘关系自愿骨髓捐献者(对照组)作HLA-Ⅰ、Ⅱ类基因分型检测,将结果作统计学处理。结果HLA-DR9、DR12在实验组(实验1组+2组)中的分布频率较对照组明显增高(P<0.01);HLA-DR8在实验1组的分布频率明显高于实验2组(P<0.01);HLA-DR13,DR15在实验1组中的频率明显低于实验2组(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论HLA-DR9可能有助于HBV对宿主的感染;HLA-DR8,DR12可能有助于HBV对宿主的持续感染,对HBV感染的慢性化有促进作用;HLA-DR13,DR15可能有助于宿主对HBV的清除,对HBV感染的慢性化有抑制作用。     

免疫筛查阴性献血者血样病毒核酸检测的研究

目的了解二次酶联免疫筛查献血者血样漏检的原因。方法将二次酶联免疫筛查阴性的献血者血样在加样仪上实现血液样本汇集,用全自动核酸提取仪提取样本核酸,以核酸扩增检测仪做HBV、HCV和HIV自动扩增检测。对HBsAg阴性、HBVDNA阳性献血者用核酸筛查试剂定量检测HBV,并每隔2周对其跟踪采血,做HBV两对半免疫检测和HBsAgV3的确认试验。结果16320份二次酶联免疫筛查阴性的合格献血者血样中,8份HBVDNA阳性(漏检率0.49‰),未发现HCV和HIV1RNA阳性。8份HBVDNA阳性献血者乙肝两对半免疫检测HBsAg、HBsAb和HBeAg均为阴性,HBcAb均为阳性,3份HBeAb为阳性。6例HBsAg阴性HBVDNA阳性献血者血样的病毒滴度在(76～1490)copies/ml,2例病毒滴度过低,未定量检测到病毒。跟踪6名HBVDNA阳性献血者,1例18周时HBsAg确认试验阳性,其余5例仍为阴性。结论现行的二次酶联免疫技术的血液筛查存在HBV漏检,原因可能是隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染。应重视血液筛查工作中HBV的漏检及输血传播,并在现有的血液筛查模式中或增加HBcAb检测,或增加病毒核酸筛查。     

2型糖尿病患者HBV和HCV感染率的临床调查及分析

目的 了解2型糖尿病(T2DM)人群丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)和乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的感染率,以及病程延长、胰岛素应用是否会增加肝炎病毒传播的风险.方法 采用横断面的研究比较188名住院T2DM患者和253名非住院T2DM患者HCV和HBV感染率的差异,并采用Logistic回归分析病程及注射胰岛素足否为肝炎病毒传播的危险因素.结果 住院T2DM患者HBsAg和抗-HCV的阳性率均高于流调的T2DM患者(12.2%vs.9.6%;2.7%vs.1.6%),但是差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 病程和胰岛素应用不增加HBV和HCV的传播风险.     

合肥市乙型病毒性肝炎感染孕妇KAP调查分析

目的：了解合肥市乙肝感染孕妇母婴阻断知识、信念、行为( KAP)状况,并对其影响因素进行分析,为开展乙肝预防健康教育提供依据。方法自行设计问卷,在合肥市四个区随机抽取200名乙肝感染孕妇,回收有效问卷169份。采用t检验、logistic回归分析对乙肝感染孕妇KAP得分的影响因素进行分析。结果乙肝感染孕妇KAP得分总体较低,平均得分为(5．20±2．24)分,及格率为47．31%。分析显示影响乙肝感染孕妇KAP的因素包括学历、居住地、被感染时间等,大专以下学历、居住地在农村的孕妇、母亲不知道自己是否乙型肝炎病毒感染者的孕妇及被感染时间短的孕妇KAP得分较低。结论公共卫生服务机构应根据乙肝感染孕妇的特征,针对性开展多种形式的健康教育,有效提高乙肝感染孕妇KAP水平。