影响患者利拉鲁肽降糖疗效因素的回顾分析

目的：为促进利拉鲁肽合理应用提供依据,回顾性分析影响2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetic mellitus,T2DM）患者使用利拉鲁肽降糖疗效的因素。方法：以华东医院2019年1月至2020年8月间使用利拉鲁肽的T2DM患者为研究对象,采用回顾性分析方法,观察和比较患者首次使用利拉鲁肽3个月及以上前后的糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、BMI （身体质量指数）和体质量的差异,分成疗效达标（治疗后HbA1c<7%或下降幅度>1%）和疗效未达标组。通过独立样本t检验和卡方检验分析组间基线数据差异,包括基本信息、检验指标,还有合并用药情况,Logistic回归法筛选出降糖疗效的影响因素。结果：在所有纳入研究的患者中,HbA1c、BMI和体质量指标分别下降（1.13±2.04）%、（0.77±1.48） kg·m^-2、（2.41±4.04） kg。140例（60.9%）患者达到预期的降糖目标,90例（39.1%）未达标。研究还发现2组患者的年龄、DM病程、体质量、性别和联用胰岛素的差异具有统计学意义（P=0.005、P=0.000、P=0.044、P=0.016、P=0.011）,Logistic回归分析显示年龄和联用胰岛素对利拉鲁肽降糖疗效影响有显著意义[P=0.004,OR=0.907,95% CI （0.848,0.969）;P=0.000,OR=0.151,95% CI （0.058,0.396）]。结论：首次使用利拉鲁肽时,患者的年龄、DM病程、体质量、性别和联用胰岛素与其降糖疗效达标相关,年龄和联用胰岛素是影响利拉鲁肽疗效的主要因素。临床个体化用药时,可评估以上因素对疗效的影响。     

利拉鲁肽对大鼠心肌微血管内皮细胞缺氧复氧损伤的影响

 目的 探究胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)类似物利拉鲁肽(GLP-1 analogue,Liraglutide)对大鼠心肌微血管内皮细胞(cardiac microvascular endothelial cells, CMEC)缺氧复氧损伤的影响。方法 双酶消化法体外分离培养SD大鼠CMEC,实验的细胞分为正常对照组、Liraglutide(0~100 nM)组、H/R组、H/R+Liraglutide组。建立缺氧复氧模型(hypoxia/reoxygenation model,H/R)诱导的细胞氧化应激凋亡模型,流式细胞学检测细胞凋亡率,DCFHDA荧光探针检测胞内ROS的变化免疫荧光染色和Western Blot检测XO、caspase3等蛋白分子的表达情况,通过比较各组中XO、ROS以及凋亡相关蛋白caspase3的表达情况阐明Liraglutide在抗细胞氧化应激过程中的保护作用机制。结果 与正常对照组细胞相比,H/R模型条件诱导细胞中XO表达增加,生成过量ROS及凋亡蛋白的表达,最终导致凋亡细胞数量显著提高至20.66%±1.30%。Liraglutide预处理12 h抑制了H/R诱导的XO的激活,最终降低胞浆过量ROS并将细胞的凋亡数量降低至8.36±1.19%。结论 H/R模型导致XO-ROS激活,生成过量胞浆ROS,最终介导了CMEC的线粒体凋亡通路激活,而予以Liraglutide预处理可以逆转上述过程。     

Investigational glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists for the treatment of obesity

Introduction: Obesity is a worldwide problem predisposing to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cancer and other comorbidities. Lifestyle modification is the first line intervention but adjunctive pharmacotherapy is often required. The GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) were developed primarily for T2DM and they also reduce body weight. Liraglutide was approved for the treatment of obesity and other GLP-1RAs are likely to be suitable for this indication.

Areas covered: This review describes the GLP-1RAs that have been approved for the treatment of T2DM as potential candidates for the treatment of obesity and the new agents currently under development which may have advantages in patient adherence.

Expert opinion: The GLP-1RAs offer a welcome addition to obesity pharmacotherapy. They appear to be free of serious adverse effects although uncertainty remains about possible risks of pancreatitis and neoplasms. However, they have frequent gastrointestinal side effects, particularly nausea, which limits their tolerability. Cardiovascular outcome studies in T2DM support their use and this is likely to increase in both T2DM and obesity. Other GLP-1RAs which can be given by subcutaneous injection once weekly or less frequently or by oral administration would have advantages especially if nausea is less frequent than with liraglutide.     

治疗肥胖症药——利拉鲁肽

利拉鲁肽(liraglutide,商品名SAXENDA)是由丹麦诺和诺德公司研制的用于肥胖治疗的人胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)类似物。至2014年12月,FDA批准作为治疗慢性肥胖的药物后,2015年1月欧洲药品管理局(EMA)人用医药产品委员会(CHMP)也已建议批准。在长期临床试验表明,利拉鲁肽(3mg)结合饮食和锻炼,能够有效减轻患者体重,同时也显著改善了肥胖相关合并症,是目前唯一的减肥针剂。笔者从利拉鲁肽的基本信息、作用机制、药动学、药效学、临床试验、不良反应及国内研发动态等方面进行评述,希望能给医院临床合理用药提供帮助。     

GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome

Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) affects many women of child-bearing age and is characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory and metabolic dysfunction. A primary treatment goal is weight reduction. The weight loss effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), previously demonstrated in diabetic and obese non-diabetic patients, offer a unique opportunity to expand the medical options available to PCOS patients.

Areas covered: Available clinical trials of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist therapy in PCOS were reviewed. Literature was searched from PubMed using appropriate search terms up to November 2016.

Expert commentary: The available studies of GLP-1 RA therapy in the treatment of excess body weight in women with PCOS demonstrate that exenatide and liraglutide are effective in weight reduction either as monotherapy or in combination with metformin. A few studies showed that androgens may be modestly decreased and menstrual frequency may be increased. Eating behavior may be improved with liraglutide therapy. Glucose parameters are generally improved. GLP-1RAs were well-tolerated, with nausea being the most significant adverse side effect. Barriers to utilization may be the short duration studies, lack of familiarity of the medication, the route of administration (injection) and the variable outcomes on ovulation and hyperandrogenism.     

CORE糖尿病模型预测利拉鲁肽联合二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病的长期健康结果

目的预测利拉鲁肽联用二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病的长期健康结果。方法临床数据来源于国际多中心随机对照双盲临床试验NCT00614120,入组对象为来自中国、印度和韩国的2型糖尿病患者。选取利拉鲁肽1.2 mg·d~(-1)组(n=233)、利拉鲁肽1.8 mg·d~(-1)组(n=234)和格列美脲4.0 mg·d~(-1)组(n=231)的患者作为研究对象,每组患者均联用二甲双胍1.5～2.0 g·d~(-1),3组完成试验分别为187例、175例和215例。应用CORE糖尿病模型,输入16 wk临床试验前后患者机体参数改变值,模拟患者终身(30年)治疗健康结果。结果与格列美脲4.0 mg·d~(-1)组相比,利拉鲁肽1.2 mg·d~(-1)组患者背景型视网膜病变、终末期肾病、首次足溃疡和充血性心力衰竭死亡的累积发病率分别降低0.195%、0.086%、0.020%和0.528%,存活率增加了0.32%,预期寿命增加0.018年,质量调整生命年增加0.11年;利拉鲁肽1.8 mg·d~(-1)组以上4种并发症的累积发病率分别降低0.607%、0.116%、0.337%和0.626%,存活率增加了0.42%,预期寿命增加0.051年,质量调整生命年增加0.108年。敏感度分析结果显示,当模拟时间跨度分别设为10年、20年、35年,贴现率分别设置为0和5%时,与格列美脲4.0 mg·d~(-1)组的模拟结果相比,利拉鲁肽1.2 mg·d~(-1)组和1.8 mg·d~(-1)组均获得较长的存活率、预期寿命和质量调整生命年。结论与格列美脲联用二甲双胍相比,利拉鲁肽联用二甲双胍能够延缓并减少2型糖尿病患者并发症的发生,增加存活率、预期寿命与质量调整生命年。     

Usability of the Novel Liraglutide 3.0 mg Pen Injector Among Overweight or Obese Adult Patients With or Without Prior Injection Experience

Background:

Obesity is associated with multiple comorbidities and increased mortality, making it an important target for treatment. However, achieving and maintaining weight loss by diet and physical activity remains challenging, and may often require pharmacotherapy. Liraglutide 3.0 mg has recently been approved for weight management in the United States, Canada, and EU. The current analysis used a summative usability test to assess safety and effectiveness, ease of use, and training requirements for the novel liraglutide 3.0 mg pen injector.

Methods:

Of the 234 participants, half received instructions for use and video-based training and/or opportunity to handle the device. All participants (excluding pharmacists) performed 6 tasks followed by post- task interviews on task difficulty, device ease of use, and any use errors, close calls, and operational difficulties. Tasks included differentiation of correct box and pen injector, medication clarity assessment, normal, dose reversal, and end-of-content injection. Number/type of use errors, close calls, and operational difficulties were evaluated.

Results:

All assessed participants interpreted the instructions for use correctly. No potentially serious use errors, and low numbers of nonserious errors, were reported. Overall, participants committed 105 use errors related to handling, with no potential for harm. A total of 25 close calls and 44 operational difficulties were reported without any pattern indicative of a design flaw. Marked differences in the incidence of events were observed for trained versus untrained participants regardless of prior injection experience. Participants rated ease of use as 6.4/7.

Conclusions:

The liraglutide 3.0 mg pen injector is safe and easy to use for liraglutide administration. New device features allow for safe use after brief training.     

Current perspectives in treatment of angina pectoris

Intravenous immunoglobulin is an important method of treating idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, especially when a rapid platelet response is desired. Dr Besa explains how to use this therapy in acute and chronic purpura in both children and adults. He also describes the four preparations available and discusses efficacy, cost, and safety.     

Current treatments and strategies for type 2 diabetes: Can we do better with GLP-1 receptor agonists?

Abstract

Diet, lifestyle modification, and pharmacotherapy with metformin are appropriate initial treatments for many patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, most individuals do not maintain glycemic control with metformin alone. Addition of other oral antidiabetes drugs (OADs), including sulfonylurea, meglitinide, or thiazolidinedione, is often the next step. Newer options, including incretin-based glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (RAs) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, offer important benefits as monotherapies or in combination with OADs, with low risk for hypoglycemia. Reductions in glycated hemoglobin (A1C) have been reported among patients treated with GLP-1 RAs (exenatide, ?0.8 to ?1.1%; liraglutide, ?0.8 to ?1.6%), as has weight loss (exenatide, ?1.6 to ?3.1 kg; liraglutide, ?1.6 to ?3.2 kg). GLP-1 RAs also stimulate β-cell responses and have positive effects on cardiovascular risk factors often present in patients with T2DM. The most common adverse events associated with GLP-1 RAs are nausea, which diminishes over time, and hypoglycemia (when used in combination with a sulfonylurea). A large number of trials demonstrated benefits of GLP-1 RAs, suggesting they could provide suitable treatment options for patients with T2DM.