Pruritus precipitated by hydroxyethyl starch: a review

Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is widely used for fluid management in broad populations of patients, particularly in the surgery and intensive care settings. Pruritus, often manifested as pruritic crises, is increasingly being recognized as a common major adverse effect of HES administration. This iatrogenic form of pruritus is frequently severe and protracted with a serious negative impact on patient quality of life, including sleep disturbance, disruption of daily routine and mental distress. Such pruritus is generally refractory to available therapies and can persist for up to 12-24 months. All currently clinically available HES solutions entail the risk of pruritus, including those of diverse molecular weights and substitutions. Although dose dependent, HES-induced pruritus nevertheless can often be provoked by relatively low routine doses. The pathophysiological basis for pruritus is the widespread tissue deposition of HES, prominently in macrophages. HES tissue deposits are long lasting and sometimes massive. Usually several weeks elapse between HES exposure and the onset of pruritus. Consequently, it is important to inquire about prior HES exposure in the diagnostic evaluation of pruritus sine materia. Awareness about the scope of the pruritus problem needs to increase among physicians administering HES. Well-designed clinical outcome studies are needed to assess more fully the incidence, dose dependency and mechanisms of pruritus with particular HES solutions.     

急性高容量血液稀释对大肝癌切除术患者失血耐受性的影响

目的:探讨术前急性高容量血液稀释(AHH)对大肝癌切除术患者失血耐受性的影响.方法:择期行大肝癌切除术患者30例,随机分为A组和B组,硬膜外麻醉后全麻诱导前,A组快速输注6%羟乙基淀粉液15mL/kg,B组输注等量乳酸林格氏液.监测平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)和中心静脉压(CVP),记录术中出血量、输血输液量;于稀释前、稀释后即刻、术毕及术后1d测定红细胞压积(Hct)、血红蛋白(Hb)和血乳酸(Lac).结果:两组出血量、输液量及各时段Lac无统计学差异,A组输血量明显低于B组;A组MAP较B组平稳;两组CVP稀释后均明显升高;A组Hct和Hb术毕术后1d明显低于基础值及C组.结论:大肝癌切除术患者术前行AHH,能有效维持血流动力学平稳,提高患者对失血的耐受性.