An examination of antibacterial and antifungal properties of constituents of Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and Oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) mushrooms

BackgroundAntibiotic agents have been in widespread and largely effective therapeutic use since their discovery in the 20th century. However, the emergence of multi-drug resistant pathogens now presents an increasing global challenge to both human and veterinary medicine. It is now widely acknowledged that there is a need to develop novel antimicrobial agents to minimize the threat of further antimicrobial resistance. With this in mind, a study was undertaken to examine the antimicrobial properties of aqueous extracts of ‘exotic’ Shiitake and Oyster mushrooms on a range of environmental and clinically important microorganisms.MethodSeveral batches of Shiitake and oyster mushrooms were purchased fresh from a local supermarket and underwent aqueous extraction of potential antimicrobial components. After reconstitution, aqueous extracts were tested qualitatively against a panel of 29 bacterial and 10 fungal pathogens, for the demonstration of microbial inhibition.ResultsOur data quantitatively showed that Shiitake mushroom extract had extensive antimicrobial activity against 85% of the organisms it was tested on, including 50% of the yeast and mould species in the trial. This compared favourably with the results from both the Positive control (Ciprofloxacin) and Oyster mushroom, in terms of the number of species inhibited by the activity of the metabolite(s) inherent to the Shiitake mushroom.ConclusionsThis small scale study shows the potential antimicrobial effects of Shitake extracts, however further work to isolate and identify the active compound(s) now requires to be undertaken. Once these have been identified, suitable pharmaceutical delivery systems should be explored to allow concentrated extracts to be prepared and delivered optimally, rather than crude ingestion of raw material, which could promote further bacterial resistance.     

腮腺炎病毒在转瓶和细胞工厂中制备的比较

目的 比较15 L转瓶及40层细胞工厂工艺制备腮腺炎减毒活疫苗的病变情况、病毒滴度和原液各项质量指标。方法 分别采用15 L转瓶及40层细胞工厂培养原代鸡胚细胞1～3 d后感染S79株腮腺炎病毒,继续培养至5～7 d收获病毒液。两种培养方式收获的腮腺炎病毒单次收获液分别合并后获得疫苗原液,并进行相关检定。结果 转瓶收获的单次病毒液0和21 d检定的平均滴度分别为6.6、6.1 lg半数细胞培养感染量（50% cell culture infective dose,CCID₅₀）/ml。细胞工厂收获的单次病毒液0和21 d检定的平均滴度分别为6.8、6.2 lgCCID₅₀/ml。两种方式制备的腮腺炎减毒活疫苗原液各项质量指标均合格。结论 应用40层细胞工厂工艺制备腮腺炎减毒活疫苗的细胞病变情况及单次病毒收获液滴度均优于15 L转瓶培养工艺,此实验为40层细胞工厂制备腮腺炎减毒活疫苗的大规模生产及工艺改进奠定了基础。     

Réponses du réseau capillaire du muscle squelettique à l’entraînement

Objectives – There are now experimental evidences about the growth of capillary bed in response to increased functional load in skeletal muscle such as physical exercise. The objective of this review is to discuss the present state of our knowledge on the adaptive responses of the capillary bed to physical training.Topics – The skeletal muscle is known to respond to physical training and the adaptive response of the microcirculation in mammals is the high capillarity observed in trained skeletal muscles. The increase in the capillary bed after endurance training results mainly from angiogenesis, and only for a short part from changes in the capillary tortuosity. Capillary growth involves several molecular factors ; some are expressed and induced by alterations in local oxygen pressure. The specific role played by mechanical factors and shear stress for capillary growth stimulation remains the matter of debate.Future prospects – A better knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in capillary growth is an important stage to examine the general responses to physical training. Researches on exercise-induced capillary growth have many important practical consequences, especially on therapeutic domain.     

国产皮内注射用卡介苗的稳定性研究

目的 观察国产皮内注射用卡介苗（卡介苗）的稳定性。方法 取26批上海生物制品研究所有限责任公司（上海公司）2007－2018年生产的卡介苗，按照国家食品药品监督管理总局批准的卡介苗注册标准和中国药典的要求进行各项检定：在0个月进行热稳定性试验，在0和24个月进行鉴别试验、外观、装量差异、渗透压摩尔浓度（2015年12月以后的制品）、水分、纯菌检查、效力测定、无有毒分枝杆菌试验。在0、12、24个月进行活菌数测定。同时对新、老车间生产的各3批疫苗进行加速稳定性与长期稳定性试验，重点考察水分和活菌数。结果 卡介苗在有效期内各项指标检定结果均符合注册标准和药典要求。新、老车间生产的疫苗质量相似。疫苗水分都不高于3.0%。活菌计数均在1.0×106～8.0×106 菌落形成单位/mg。结论 上海公司生产卡介苗的质量是安全、有效、稳定、均一的。     

Neuro-2A神经元衰老细胞模型的构建及桑黄活性成分的筛选研究

目的利用神经元衰老模型筛选桑黄活性成分。方法以叠氮钠和Neuro-2A细胞分别作为造模药物和实验对象,通过检测细胞活力、早期凋亡率和β-半乳糖酶活性变化构建神经元衰老模型,并利用此模型从桑黄有机溶剂萃取物中筛选具有抗衰老功效的活性成分。结果研究结果表明,叠氮钠能成功构建此筛选模型,并且在此模型中正丁醇和乙酸乙酯萃取相均能显著性抑制叠氮钠引起细胞活力下降,早期细胞凋亡率和β-半乳糖苷酶活性上升。结论桑黄正丁醇和乙酸乙酯萃取相在叠氮钠所致Neuro-2A细胞神经元衰老模型中表现出良好的抗衰老功效。     

疫苗检定用麻疹病毒抗血清的制备

 目的  制备麻疹病毒抗血清,用于含麻疹病毒成分的联合减毒活疫苗的检定。方法  制备麻疹病毒Edm-3株病毒收获液,采用弗氏佐剂,对家兔和豚鼠分别经皮下多点或腹腔途径免疫3针,加入制备抗血清,经除菌过滤和补体灭活后,对抗血清进行中和效价、中和能力、细胞毒性及特异性检测。结果 用4种免疫方式制备的抗血清中和效价均高于1∶320,其中豚鼠背部皮下组中和效价为最高,达到1∶2 459;将豚鼠背部皮下组抗血清稀释至1∶320,能够完全中和每毫升2 000 半数细胞培养物感染量的麻疹病毒,同时对Vero细胞、RK-13细胞、MRC-5细胞无细胞毒性,且不可中和腮腺炎病毒、风疹病毒和水痘病毒。结论采用Edm-3株麻疹病毒收获液,通过背部皮下多点方式免疫豚鼠可制备具有较高中和效价的麻疹抗血清,可用于疫苗检定。     

Allelopathic Effects on Microcystis aeruginosa and Allelochemical Identification in the Cuture Solutions of Typical Artificial Floating-Bed Plants

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - Cyperus alternifolius (C. alternifolius) and Canna generalis (C. generalis) are widely used as artificial floating-bed (AFB) plants for...