现代中医学移植西医学概念的利弊剖析＊

本文全面考察了以统编教材《中医基础理论》为代表的现代中医学大量移植西医学生理、病理概念的状况和严重程度。确认中医学仅仅移植生理、病理两个语词，并未移植西医学两个核心概念原本表达的内涵。中医学将两者作为固有概念使用，严重混淆了中西医学的本质区别，混淆了概念逻辑思维与象思维的本质差异，导致同一学术语境下偷换概念普遍存在。尽快移除生理、病理概念，净化中医学象思维语境，已经成为中医理论研究亟待解决的重大学术问题。     

混合性嗜铬细胞瘤临床病理学特征分析

目的探讨混合性嗜铬细胞瘤(composite pheochromocytoma,CP)临床病理特征、免疫表型、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法收集2011年1月至2019年1月浙江省人民医院收治的5例CP,对5例CP的临床、影像学、组织学、免疫组织化学特征及预后进行观察,探讨其临床病理特征及鉴别诊断。结果CP患者中男性4例,女性1例,男女发病比例为4∶1,发病年龄52~68岁(平均年龄59岁,中位年龄54岁),肿瘤最大径3~4 cm(平均最大径3.6 cm,中位最大径3.5 cm);临床表现多为无明显症状的肾上腺肿块;典型的形态为两种成分组成,一种为瘤细胞呈不规则巢状排列,瘤细胞胞质细颗粒状、嗜碱性或双嗜性,核分裂象罕见;另一种为由不规则交叉束状排列的施万细胞及散在分布的神经节细胞组成;免疫组织化学示嗜铬细胞瘤弥漫表达PHOX2B(5/5)、突触素(5/5)、嗜铬粒素A(CgA,5/5),支持细胞S-100蛋白阳性(5/5),节细胞神经瘤弥漫表达S-100蛋白(5/5)、神经丝蛋白(5/5),其内神经节细胞PHOX2B、突触素、CgA弱阳性;5例均接受手术切除,预后良好,随访均无复发。结论CP较少见,临床表现不具有特异性,其具有独特的组织学特征,仔细的观察肿瘤的完整组织结构及免疫组织化学检测PHOX2B、CgA、突触素、S-100蛋白有助于其诊断和鉴别诊断。     

乳腺肌样错构瘤24例临床病理分析

背景与目的 乳腺肌样错构瘤（MHB）是乳腺错构瘤中极为罕见的亚型，文献中以个案报道为主，目前对其临床与病理学特征认识尚不足，容易漏诊或误诊。为提高对该病的认识，笔者报告1例MHB患者的临床资料，并结合国内学者报告的23例MHB，探讨其组织发生、临床病理特征、临床诊断、治疗及预后。方法 对三峡大学附属仁和医院收治的1例MHB及国内文献报道的23例MHB进行回顾性临床病理分析。结果 患者均为女性，发病年龄19~65岁，平均（37±12.3）岁。24例均为单发性肿瘤，其最大直径范围1.9~10.0 cm，平均（2.9±1.94）cm。笔者报告的1例在全组肿瘤中体积最大（直径10 cm），其占笔者单位20年来受检的1 849例乳腺病理活检标本的0.05%和893例乳腺良性肿瘤的0.1%。影像学检查显示，所有肿瘤均可显示界限清楚的肿块，但图像不具特征性；B超引导下芯针活检有一定诊断价值。肉眼观察显示，均为界限清楚、可活动的无痛性乳腺包块或结节，类似纤维腺瘤。14例（58.3%）有临床诊断记录，但均被误诊为或考虑为乳腺纤维腺瘤。21例（87.5%）行单纯乳腺肿块切除术，3例（12.5%）行乳腺肿块扩大切除术。组织病理学结果显示，肿瘤均由乳腺导管、腺泡和纤维脂肪组织以不同比例随机混合组成；肿瘤内可见特征性平滑肌组织或肌样细胞，分化良好。免疫表型分析显示，肿瘤内平滑肌成分desmin、α-SMA、vimentin、MSA和h-caldesmon呈弥漫性强阳性。20例（83.3%）术后平均随访（18.6±15.4）个月，1例于术后10个月复发，1例于术后36、41个月2次复发，余无复发。结论 MHB是罕见的良性肿瘤，误诊率高。临床医师需增强对MHB的了解和诊断意识。临床和病理诊断中需与乳腺纤维腺瘤等相关肿瘤和瘤样病变鉴别。MHB可复发，治疗应采用广泛局部切除并确保切缘阴性，术后需定期随访。     

German pathologist Walter Büngeler (1900–1987)—Nazi victim or political influencer in Brazil?

One of the most wellknown German pathologists of the twentieth century, Walter Büngeler became internationally known for his elemental research on leukemia and the pathology of tumors. In 1936, Büngeler left Nazi Germany for Brazil, but returned to Germany in 1942. After the war ended in 1945, Büngeler portrayed himself as a political victim who had been expelled first by the National Socialists and later by the Brazilian government, and in fact, he was able to successfully perpetuate this image and emerged unscathed from his de-Nazification procedure, continuing on to a successful university career with stations in Kiel and Munich as both professor and dean, as well as a term as DGP president. Up until very recently, Büngeler was portrayed in literature as a victim and critic of Nazism.Does this self-portrayal stand up to a critical examination of the facts? It is precisely this question that is the focus of this article. The analysis draws upon primary sources; namely, Büngeler’s own claims from a curriculum vitae filled out in 1943 as well as his de-Nazification file from the post-war period.This article exposes significant contradictions between these two sources. The statements Büngeler made in his de-Nazification file can be verified as false in all relevant aspects. Nevertheless, Büngeler managed to create a wide-reaching and successful version of himself; a picture which persisted until only very recently.     

复发胶质瘤的病理学特征及其预后分析

目的探讨复发胶质瘤的病理学特征及其与患者预后的关系。方法回顾性分析2002年8月到2016年12月中山大学肿瘤防治中心神经外科收治的54例复发胶质瘤患者的临床资料。所有患者均再次行肿瘤切除术治疗,术后行病理学检测,包括肿瘤的世界卫生组织(WHO)分级、Ki-67指数、O6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA-甲基转移酶(MGMT)表达状态、异柠檬酸脱氢酶1(IDH1)状态;同时根据组织坏死程度、是否存在肿瘤细胞及肿瘤细胞活性情况进行病理学分型。采用Kaplan-Meier法分析患者的总生存期(OS)。进一步采用单因素和多因素Cox回归分析法判断影响复发胶质瘤患者OS的临床因素。结果54例患者的病理学检测结果,(1)WHO分级:Ⅱ级6例(11.1%)、Ⅲ级14例(25.9%)、Ⅳ级30例(55.6%),另4例(7.4%)未见肿瘤细胞。与初次手术比较,32例患者(59.2%)的WHO分级无变化,7例(13.0%)降低,15例(27.8%)升高。(2)Ki-67指数:共32例两次均行相关检测,其中15例的Ki-67指数降低、14例升高,另3例无改变。(3)IDH1状态:共29例两次均行相关检测,其中9例为突变型,20例为野生型;两次检测均未发生变化。(4)MGMT表达状态:共8例两次均行相关检测,6例无变化,其中3例表达阳性、3例表达阴性;另2例结果改变,均为初次表达阳性,二次表达阴性。(5)病理学分型:4例为坏死型,20例为混合型,30例为活性型。54例患者的随访时间为(16.1±3.2)个月(1.3~160.3)个月。Kaplan-Meier法分析结果显示,54例患者的中位OS(范围)为14.4个月(9.2~19.5个月)。多因素Cox回归分析结果显示,复发肿瘤WHO分级高(HR=2.80,95%CI:1.42~5.53,P<0.01)和术后未行放疗(HR=4.05,95%CI:1.41~11.64,P=0.01)是影响复发胶质瘤患者OS的独立危险因素。结论初步提示复发胶质瘤再次手术后的组织病理学会发生变化;再次手术后WHO病理分级低和术后行放疗是复发胶质瘤患者预后较好的临床因素。     

Intrauterine Interventions for the Treatment of Twin Anemia-Polycythemia Sequence: A Systematic Review

BackgroundTwin anemia-polycythemia sequence (TAPS) is a complication of monochorionic, multiple gestation pregnancies in which blood shunting through placental anastomoses results in chronic anemia in one fetus and chronic polycythemia in another. The outcomes of different treatment modalities for TAPS are not well known.ObjectiveTo determine the outcomes of the intrauterine interventions used to treat TAPS.Study DesignA systematic literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL was performed in June 2016. Primary outcomes were mortality, morbidity, and adverse perinatal outcomes. Data were summarized in the form of weighted means, and statistical difference was determined.ResultsTwenty-one articles were identified for inclusion in this review and were composed of 105 cases of TAPS. In the cases presented in the literature, there was no statistically significant difference in mortality, morbidity, or emergent Caesarean section rates between expectant management, intrauterine transfusion (IUT), and laser ablation therapy. Laser ablation therapy and IUT were found to have a significantly lower rate of adverse perinatal outcomes when compared to expectantly managed cases.ConclusionsThe literature looking into the treatment of TAPS is very limited, with no randomized controlled trials and only one includable comparative study. Based on the data in the case report and case study literature, there is no mortality difference between any of the treatment modalities. Expectant management may be associated with an increase in adverse perinatal outcomes when compared to laser therapy and IUT. More comparative studies are needed to assist clinicians in adopting an evidence-based approach to the treatment of TAPS.