不同产地大蒜中硒含量的荧光测定

目的用荧光分光光度法测定大蒜样品中的硒含量。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准(GB/T 5009.93-2003)中的食物中硒的测定。结果硒质量浓度在0.01～0.2mg·mL-1范围内与其荧光强度呈线性关系,相关系数为0.9993,精密度为2.7%。4个不同产地(新疆昭苏,新疆乌什,新疆阿合奇和山东苍山)大蒜中硒的含量分别为0.041,0.043,0.046和0.033μg.g-1。结论结果表明此方法可靠,重现性好。     

Amino acids contributing to antigenic drift in the infectious bursal disease Birnavirus (IBDV)

We examined the effect of amino acids 222 and 254 on antigenicity of the variant Del-E strain of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Using molecular epidemiology, we identified a virus designated as Del-E-222 that was identical to Del-E except for alanine at position 222. A second virus was generated using reverse genetics of the Del-E backbone to create Del-E-254 that contained an asparagine at amino acid 254. The Del-E-222 and Del-E-254 viruses were tested for their ability to escape neutralizing immunity provided by parenteral vaccination. The bursas from birds vaccinated with parental Del-E and challenged with Del-E-222 or Del-E-254 had macroscopic lesions typical of an IBDV infection, and their B-BW ratios were significantly smaller than the controls. Microscopic lesions included lymphocyte depletion and confirmed the ability of Del-E-222 and Del-E-254 to break through the immunity induced by the parental Del-E virus vaccination. Both mutations appear to be contributing to antigenic drift.     

Mapping of somatostatin-28 (1-12) in the alpaca diencephalon

Using an immunocytochemical technique, we report for the first time the distribution of immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers containing somatostatin-28 (1-12) in the alpaca diencephalon. Somatostatin-28 (1-12)-immunoreactive cell bodies were only observed in the hypothalamus (lateral hypothalamic area, arcuate nucleus and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus). However, immunoreactive fibers were widely distributed throughout the thalamus and hypothalamus. A high density of such fibers was observed in the central medial thalamic nucleus, laterodorsal thalamic nucleus, lateral habenular nucleus, mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, paraventricular thalamic nucleus, reuniens thalamic nucleus, rhomboid thalamic nucleus, subparafascicular thalamic nucleus, anterior hypothalamic area, arcuate nucleus, dorsal hypothalamic area, around the fornix, lateral hypothalamic area, lateral mammilary nucleus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, supraoptic hypothalamic nucleus, and in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. The widespread distribution of somatostatin-28 (1-12) in the thalamus and hypothalamus of the alpaca suggests that the neuropeptide could be involved in many physiological actions.     

LPS-induced CCL2 expression and macrophage influx into the murine central nervous system is polyamine-dependent

Increased polyamine production is observed in a variety of chronic neuroinflammatory disorders, but in vitro and in vivo studies yield conflicting data on the immunomodulatory consequences of their production. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is the rate-limiting enzyme in endogenous polyamine production. To identify the role of polyamine production in CNS-intrinsic inflammatory responses, we defined CNS sites of ODC expression and the consequences of inhibiting ODC in response to intracerebral injection of LPS ± IFNγ. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that both neurons and non-neuronal cells rapidly respond to LPS ± IFNγ by increasing ODC expression. Inhibiting ODC by co-injecting DFMO decreased LPS-induced CCL2 expression and macrophage influx into the CNS, without altering LPS-induced microglial or macrophage activation. Conversely, intracerebral injection of polyamines was sufficient to trigger macrophage influx into the CNS of wild-type but not CCL2KO mice, demonstrating the dependence of macrophage influx on CNS expression of CCL2. Consistent with these data, addition of putrescine and spermine to mixed glial cultures dramatically increased CCL2 expression and to a much lesser extent, TNF expression. Addition of all three polyamines to mixed glial cultures also decreased the numbers and percentages of oligodendrocytes present. However, in vivo, inhibiting the basal levels of polyamine production was sufficient to induce expression of apolipoprotein D, a marker of oxidative stress, within white matter tracts. Considered together, our data indicate that: (1) CNS-resident cells including neurons play active roles in recruiting pro-inflammatory TREM1-positive macrophages into the CNS via polyamine-dependent induction of CCL2 expression and (2) modulating polyamine production in vivo may be a difficult strategy to limit inflammation and promote repair due to the dual homeostatic and pro-inflammatory roles played by polyamines.     

Multiple dose vaccination with heterologous H5N2 vaccine: immune response and protection against variant clade 2.2.1 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in broiler breeder chickens

Circulation of an antigenically variant lineage of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in chicken breeder flocks in Egypt is a continuing problem. The protective efficacy of multiple repeated vaccinations using the currently available H5N2 vaccines is unclear. Here, broiler breeder chickens were vaccinated at weeks 6, 12 and 18 with an inactivated H5N2 commercial vaccine. HI-titer against an Egyptian H5N1 field isolate of classic clade 2.2.1 (EGYcls/H5N1) were significantly lower after the first immunization but increased after booster vaccinations. In contrast, no HI titers were induced against an antigenically distinct field virus of the variant lineage of clade 2.2.1 (EGYvar/H5N1). Upon challenge at week 50 mild, if any, clinical signs were observed in the group infected with EGYcls/H5N1 although one of eight (12.5%) birds died. Mortality reached 6/8 (75%) in the EGYvar/H5N1 challenge group. Virus excretion in all vaccinated groups was reduced in amplitude, but in vaccinated surviving birds, time of virus excretion was extended to up to ten days. Strikingly, challenged vaccinated birds kept laying eggs almost throughout the observation period. Virus was detected on the outer egg-shell of 17 of 40 eggs. The majority of the infected eggs were derived from the EGYcls/H5N1 challenged animals; here the virus was detected also in the yolk and albumin. Repeated vaccination using a commercial H5N2-based vaccine broadened the antigen profile of induced antibodies but did not provide adequate protection against heterologous virus variant. In addition, the observation of AIV contaminated eggs from infected flocks highlights the risk of silent virus spread by vaccinated animals and point to eggs as a possible vector.     

A traditional Chinese herbal preparation, Er-Zhi-Wan, prevent ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Er-Zhi-Wan (EZW), a classic Chinese formulation, which contains Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL) and Herba Ecliptae (HE). EZW is widely used to prevent and treat various kidney diseases for its actions of nourishing the kidney and strengthening tendon and bone. Although recent reports indicate that EZW restrains osteoclastic bone resorption, its effects on the protection against define OVX-induced bone loss in mature rats have not been systematically investigated.

Materials and methods

Sixty 3-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into sham-operated group (Sham) and five OVX subgroups, OVX with vehicle (OVX); OVX with Estradiol Valerate (EV, 0.4 mg/kg body weight/day); OVX with EZW of graded doses (9.0, 4.5, or 2.25 g/kg/day). Daily oral administration of EV and EZW on 5th week for 26 weeks. Bone turnover markers (Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), osteocalcin (OCN), deoxypyridinoline (DPD)), other parameters, including serum calcium (S-Ca), serum phosphorus (S-P), urine calcium (U-Ca), phosphorus (U-P), and bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur, 4th lumbar vertebra and tibia, bone biomechanical properties and trabecular microarchitecture parameters were measured.

Results

Administration of EZW could significantly prevent ovariectomy-induced bone loss, biomechanical reduction, deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture and the body weight gain without affecting the weight of the uterus, and increased S-Ca, S-P levels, decreased level of bone turnover markers and U-Ca, U-P levels in ovariectomized rats.

Conclusion

The present study indicated that EZW had a definite antiosteoporotic effect without hyperplastic effect on uterus, and it might be a potential alternative medicine for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.     

SPF家兔和普通家兔在热原实验中的比较研究

目的:将不同等级(普通级与SPF级)的家兔用于生物制品、细菌内毒素国家标准品的热原检测,研究普通级与SPF级家兔适应期对环境的适应能力、体温的均一性及对热原质的敏感性上是否存在差异,最终选择出更适合于热原检测的等级家兔。方法:按照中国药典2005版三部附录ⅫD热原检查法,分别对SPF级与普通级家兔进行适应期与筛选实验的比较、对细菌内毒素(G-)的敏感性比较以及对生物制品热原检测准确性的比较。结果:适应期、筛选合格率、筛选实验体温分布情况及筛选实验体温波动情况比较存在显著性差异;对内毒素敏感性和同一制品热原检查无显著性差异。结论:SPF级家兔在适应期中的适应性优于普通级家兔;SPF级家兔筛选合格率优于普通级家兔;SPF级家兔与普通级家兔对内毒素敏感性无明显差异;SPF级家兔与普通级家兔对同一制品热原检查准确性无明显差异。     

不同月龄SPF级SD雌性大鼠主要脏器参数的研究

目的：探讨SD雌性大鼠的体重、脏器重量及其指数的正常值范围。方法：选用1月龄的雌性大鼠74只,分别于2、3、4、7、8月龄时测定其体重及10个主要脏器重量,并计算其脏器指数。结果：从2月龄至8月龄,雌鼠心,肝,肾,脑,肾上腺的重量均明显增长,而胸腺重量显著降低。然而由于体重增长等因素,其心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、胸腺以及肾上腺等指数均明显降低。结论：SPF级SD雌性大鼠主要脏器及其指数可反映其结构变化以及生理功能状态。