Appropriateness of angiography for suspected coronary artery disease

The aim of this study was to assess the appropriate use of diagnostic catheterizations (DC) for the patients with suspected coronary artery disease performed in Iran. The Electronic Health Record System database and manual review of files were utilised to collect data between 2012 and 2014. Patients were categorized in three groups as appropriate, uncertain, and inappropriate usage of DC and the logistic regression was used to investigate the relationships between variables. One-quarter of the 2458 angiographies were rated as inappropriate, out of which 99% had no previous stress test. The rate of inappropriate DC between various hospitals were approximately the same. The regression showed that some risk factors (Sex, high cholesterol, smoking, chronic heart failure, renal failure, diabetes) were significantly associated with inappropriate rate.     

Cerebral Angiographic Findings of Cosmetic Facial Filler-related Ophthalmic and Retinal Artery Occlusion

Cosmetic facial filler-related ophthalmic artery occlusion is rare but is a devastating complication, while the exact pathophysiology is still elusive. Cerebral angiography provides more detailed information on blood flow of ophthalmic artery as well as surrounding orbital area which cannot be covered by fundus fluorescein angiography. This study aimed to evaluate cerebral angiographic features of cosmetic facial filler-related ophthalmic artery occlusion patients. We retrospectively reviewed cerebral angiography of 7 patients (4 hyaluronic acid [HA] and 3 autologous fat-injected cases) showing ophthalmic artery and its branches occlusion after cosmetic facial filler injections, and underwent intra-arterial thrombolysis. On selective ophthalmic artery angiograms, all fat-injected patients showed a large filling defect on the proximal ophthalmic artery, whereas the HA-injected patients showed occlusion of the distal branches of the ophthalmic artery. Three HA-injected patients revealed diminished distal runoff of the internal maxillary and facial arteries, which clinically corresponded with skin necrosis. However, all fat-injected patients and one HA-injected patient who were immediately treated with subcutaneous hyaluronidase injection showed preserved distal runoff of the internal maxillary and facial arteries and mild skin problems. The size difference between injected materials seems to be associated with different angiographic findings. Autologous fat is more prone to obstruct proximal part of ophthalmic artery, whereas HA obstructs distal branches. In addition, hydrophilic and volume-expansion property of HA might exacerbate blood flow on injected area, which is also related to skin necrosis. Intra-arterial thrombolysis has a limited role in reconstituting blood flow or regaining vision in cosmetic facial filler-associated ophthalmic artery occlusions.     

55例大型脑膜瘤术前栓塞的应用评价

目的：研究大型脑膜瘤的术前栓塞的的应用价值。方法选择55例大型脑膜瘤患者（最大径＞5 cm）,分成栓塞组(n=28)和对照组(n=27),栓塞组术前先予以DSA（digital subtraction angiography）造影了解肿瘤血供情况,并予以PAV颗粒或栓塞微球颗粒（200～300 um）栓塞,对照组未予以栓塞,对比2组肿瘤切除出血量、手术时间,观察手术并发症情况;术后1～2周复查增强MR观察肿块切除程度。结果研究组术中出血量（456±145）mL,明显小于对照组（913±134）mL,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。手术时间,研究组与对照组分别为（4.45±2.13）h和（5.23±1.45）h,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。栓塞组提高了肿瘤的切除率,4例出现栓塞后颅内高压,头痛加重,1例出现颅神经一过性麻痹,3例出现局部头皮坏死,经支持治疗后均缓解。结论大型脑膜瘤术前血管造影可以了解肿瘤血管情况,指导外科手术切除,栓塞术后可以明显减少术中出血,缩短手术时间,提高肿瘤切除程度。     

16层螺旋CT血管成像对蛛网膜下腔出血病因的诊断价值

目的：探讨分析16层螺旋CT血管成像对蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)病因的诊断价值。方法58例蛛网膜下腔出血患者,均先行16层螺旋CT平扫,再行CT血管成像(CTA),之后应用多平面重建、容积再现、最大密度投影等技术,对图像进行处理,观察患者的脑血管情况并对SAH病因进行分析。结果经3D-CTA共发现46例患者有56个动脉瘤、动静脉畸形8例、烟雾病3例、阴性1例;与数字减影血管造影(DSA)或外科手术作为参照,提示3D-CTA诊断颅内动脉瘤的敏感性与特异性分别为97.83%与100.00%。结论16层螺旋CT血管成像在蛛网膜下腔出血的病因诊断中具有较高应用价值,可作为诊断蛛网膜下腔出血病因的首选方法。     

Computed Tomography Angiography with Three‐dimensional Reconstruction for Pulmony Venous Definition in High‐risk Infants with Congenital Heart Disease

Background. Pulmonary venous anomalies may be difficult to define in small, critically ill infants using standard echocardiography. In many centers, invasive cardiac catheterization is used if the diagnosis remains inconclusive. We evaluated computed tomography angiography (CTA) as a low‐risk alternative to cardiac catheterization in these infants. Methods. All infants <7 kg with congenital heart disease who had undergone CTA in a tertiary care pediatric institution during a 30‐month period were included. All had undergone preceding echocardiography, with pulmonary veins defined as normal (group A, n = 40), or abnormal (group B, n = 16). In 6 group B patients, a conclusive diagnosis could not be made by echocardiogram alone. CTAs were analyzed only if contrast density in the left atrium exceeded 200 Houndsfield units. CTA diagnoses (using axial and reformatted 3‐dimensional still frame images, and audio video interleaved loops) were compared with preceding echocardiograms (group A), or echocardiography, catheterization angiography, or surgical findings (group B). Results. Fifty‐six patients (mean age 12.4 weeks; range 0–64; mean weight 4.19 kg; range 1.4–7) were included. There were no scan complications. Mean scan duration was 4.6 seconds (range 1.84–11). Scan indications in group A were related mainly to arch (57.5%) and airway issues (17.5%). In group B, most patients had variations of anomalous pulmonary venous return (43.75%), with postsurgical stenosis the second largest group (31.25%). CTA diagnoses were confirmed in all patients. Additional diagnostic confirmation in group B was made at catheterization (1/16) or during surgical intervention (15/16). Conclusion. Normal and abnormal pulmonary veins could be defined accurately, safely, and rapidly by CTA in all cases. Three‐dimensional reformatting provided additional assistance with surgical planning. Echocardiography remains the first‐line choice for diagnostic imaging in all patients with pulmonary venous anomalies. However, when echo diagnosis is inconclusive, CTA and not catheterization should be considered the next imaging modality of choice.     

冠状动脉轻中度狭窄病变的血管内超声特征

通过分析病变的结构特点 ,探讨轻中度狭窄病变斑块不稳定的机制。对冠状动脉造影显示轻中度狭窄(直径狭窄率 2 0 %～ 6 0 % ) 6 2例及重度狭窄 2 6例冠心病患者行血管内超声显像检查 ,分析粥样硬化斑块性质及其狭窄程度。结果发现 ,轻中度狭窄患者中软斑块 (6 8.2 %比 15 .4 % ,P <0 .0 1)、薄纤维帽 (6 5 .9%比 7.7% ,P <0 .0 1)显著多于重度狭窄患者 ,并且斑块破裂 (2 8.2 %比 7.7% ,P <0 .0 1)及正性重构 (5 1.8%比 0 % ,P <0 .0 1)也显著多于重度狭窄患者。轻中度狭窄患者偏心斑块检出率显著多于重度狭窄者 (84 .7%比 30 .1% ,P <0 .0 1) ,但钙化少见 (16 .5 %比 84 .6 % ,P <0 .0 1)。结果提示 ,冠状动脉造影轻中度狭窄患者多数具有不稳定性斑块的结构特点 ,这些特点导致轻中度狭窄者容易发生急性冠状动脉综合征。     

70 kVp联合深度学习算法改进儿童腹部双低CTA图像质量的研究

目的评价70 kVp结合深度学习图像重组(DLIR)算法在低辐射低对比剂用量情况下,是否可以提升0.625 mm薄层小儿腹部CTA图像质量。方法观察组选取连续的37例[7个月~14岁,平均(6.87±3.11)岁]腹部增强CTA检查,检查使用低辐射剂量,低对比剂检查方案,扫描采用70 kVp,对比剂用量0.8~1.2 ml/kg。采用0.625 mm层厚的高强度DLIR(DL-H)重组图像。对照组选取连续的34例儿童[年龄1~15岁,平均(6.34±3.11)岁],扫描采用常规放射剂量及对比剂用,采用100 kVp,对比剂用量1.0~1.6 ml/kg,采用50%自适应统计迭代重组法(ASIR-V)重组为0.625 mm层厚图像。两位放射科医生以5分标准(5分:优秀;4分:良好;3分:可测量;2分:可观察;1分:不合格)分别评估图像噪声、血管边缘清晰度和血管对比度。客观评价测量腹主动脉和竖脊肌的CT值和噪声值,并计算对比噪声比。采用配对t检验比较两组图像间的差异。结果观察组与对照组CT剂量指数无统计学差异[(1.47±0.26)mGy比(1.55±0.48)mGy,P>0.05]。观察组的对比剂用量为(28.19±13.47)ml,较对照组的(37.25±10.62)ml低24.32%(P<0.05)。肌肉和主动脉的图像噪声为14.50±3.54和20.48±5.74,显著低于对照组的19.01±4.57和24.90±3.53(P均<0.05)。观察组CNR为19.76±4.36,明显高于对照组的12.66±3.38(P<0.05)。主观评价DL-H图像符合诊断要求,噪声小于50%ASIR-V图像,整体图像质量优于50%ASIR-V。结论采用70 kVp结合DLIR算法在儿童低辐射剂量和对比剂量下能获得良好的0.625 mm薄层腹部CTA图像。     

Dynamic CT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Patients without Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: Quantification of Myocardial Blood Flow according to Varied Heart Rate Increments after Stress

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to investigate the association between myocardial blood flow (MBF) quantified by dynamic CT myocardial perfusion imaging (CT-MPI) and the increments in heart rate (HR) after stress in patients without obstructive coronary artery disease.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively included 204 subjects who underwent both dynamic CT-MPI and coronary CT angiography (CCTA). Patients with more than minimal coronary stenosis (diameter ≥ 25%), history of myocardial infarction/revascularization, cardiomyopathy, and microvascular dysfunction were excluded. Global MBF at stress was measured using hybrid deconvolution and maximum slope model. Furthermore, the HR increments after stress were recorded.ResultsThe median radiation dose of dynamic CT-MPI plus CCTA was 5.5 (4.5–6.8) mSv. The median global MBF of all subjects was 156.4 (139.8–180.4) mL/100 mL/min. In subjects with HR increment between 10 to 19 beats per minute (bpm), the global MBF was significantly lower than that of subjects with increment between 20 to 29 bpm (153.3 mL/100 mL/min vs. 171.3 mL/100 mL/min, p = 0.027). This difference became insignificant when the HR increment further increased to ≥ 30 bpm.ConclusionThe global MBF value was associated with the extent of increase in HR after stress. Significantly higher global MBF was seen in subjects with HR increment of ≥ 20 bpm.     

How to Treat Peripheral Arteriovenous Malformations

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are direct communications between primitive reticular networks of dysplastic vessels that have failed to mature into capillary vessels. Based on angiographic findings, peripheral AVMs can be classified into six types: type I, type IIa, type IIb, type IIc, type IIIa, and type IIIb. Treatment strategies vary with the types. Type I is treated by embolizing the fistula between the artery and the vein with coils. Type II (IIa, IIb, and IIc) AVM is treated as follows: first, reduce the blood flow velocity in the venous segment of the AVM with coils; second, perform ethanol embolotherapy of the residual shunts. Type IIIa is treated by transarterial catheterization of the feeding arteries and injection of diluted ethanol. Type IIIb is treated by transarterial or direct puncture approaches. A high concentration of ethanol is injected through the transarterial catheter or direct puncture needle. When the fistula is large, coil insertion is required to reduce the amount of ethanol. Type I and type II AVMs showed the best clinical results; type IIIb showed a satisfactory response rate. However, type IIIa showed the poorest response rate, either alone or in combination with other types. Clinical success can be achieved by using different treatment strategies for different angiographic AVM types.     

基于第三代双源CT动态心肌灌注成像不同负荷后心率增量者的正常心肌血流量范围

目的:探讨基于第3代双源CT动态心肌灌注成像(CT-MPI)定量的正常心肌血流量(MBF)与负荷后心率增量的关系。方法:回顾性分析2016年10月至2019年11月于上海交通大学附属第六人民医院行动态CT-MPI及冠状动脉CTA(CCTA)检查的冠状动脉正常或冠状动脉轻微狭窄(定义为任一心外膜血管直径狭窄<25%)441例患者的CT-MPI图像,根据纳入和排除标准最终纳入研究231例患者。根据17节段模型在每个节段绘制ROI,采用混合去卷积法和最大斜率模型计算出每个节段的MBF及整体MBF。同时记录负荷后心率的增量及图像质量的相关参数。根据负荷后心率增量将患者分为4组,即心率增量≤9次/min组、10~19次/min组、20~29次/min组及≥30次/min组。非正态分布计量资料相关性分析采用Spearman相关性检验,采用Kruskal-Wallis检验比较多组间差异,事后比较采用Dunn-Bonferroni检验以区分两组间差异。采用Mann-Whitney U检验比不同节段的两组间差异。结果:纳入的所有患者的整体MBF为157(140,182)ml·100 ml^-1·min^-1。负荷后整体MBF与心率增量呈正相关(r=0.350,P<0.001)。心率增量不同亚组(≤9次/min亚组37例、10~19次/min亚组107例、20~29次/min亚组66例及≥30次/min亚组21例)的MBF分别为(142±26)、155(137,177)、(171±31)及(187±42)ml·100 ml^-1·min^-1。不同心率增量亚组的绝对整体MBF差异具有统计学意义(H=30.000,P<0.001)。心率增量≤9次/min亚组的整体MBF显著低于心率增量10~19次/min亚组的整体MBF(调整后P=0.029);当心率增量≥20次/min时MBF的差异无统计学意义(调整后P>0.05)。第3节段MBF(基底部下室间隔段)显著低于其他节段的MBF[分别为136(117,148)和161(142,191)ml·100 ml^-1·min^-1,U=104539.000,P<0.001]。结论:整体MBF值与负荷后心率增加的程度呈正相关。心率增量≥10次/min的患者整体MBF更高。